Steven F. Hayward
Credentials
- Ph.D., American studies, Claremont Graduate School.1 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- M.A., government, Claremont Graduate School.2 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- B.S., Business and Administrative Studies, Lewis and Clark College.3 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
Background
Steven F. Hayward is a conservative writer and journalist covering issues including environmentalism, law, economics, and public policy. He is the Thomas Smith Distinguished Fellow at the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University in Ohio, where he directs their political economy program.4 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4 5 โSteven Hayward,โ Ashbrook. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/riMAv 6 โMeet the Faculty,โ Pepperdine School of Public Policy. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fwMow
Hayward is a blogger PowerLine, a conservative blog run by the Center for the American Experiment’s (CAE) president John Hinderaker. Hayward has also contributed to CAE as a report co-author criticizing wind energy in Minnesota.7 Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017. 8 โAbout Us,โ PowerLine. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tpR4Z
Hayward has ties to many conservative think tanks. He has been a senior fellow in environmental studies at at the Pacific Research Institute (PRI), and Weyerhaeuser Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). He is also a director of the Donors Capital Fund (DCF), a group that works with DonorsTrust to give hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations to numerous groups questioning mainstream climate science. Hayward is a board member of the Institute for Energy Research (IER).9 โForm 990: Donors Capital Fund, Incโ (PDF), Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 10 โBoard of Directors,โ Donors Capital Fund. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PJcIr 11 โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Institute for Energy Research. Archived September 26, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NRdhd
The American Enterprise Institute and Pacific Research Institute are both heavily funded by oil billionaires Koch Industries, and Richard Mellon Scaife.
Stance on Climate Change
April 3, 2017
In a Weekly Standard profile he wrote on conservative Republican Jay Faison, who Hayward said โbelieves climate change is a serious threat,โ Hayward concludes that the 97% consensus is inaccurate and that renewable energy such as wind and solar is not the answer:12 โA Conservative Takes on Climate Change,โ The Weekly Standard, April 3, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BdCfH
โWhile climate activists like [Tom] Steyer and [Bill’ McKibben recite the (inaccurate) slogan about how ’97 percent of scientists โbelieveโ in climate change,’they shift the subject when it is pointed out that 100 percent of public and private long-term energy forecasts [โฆ] find that fossil fuels will be the dominant source of energy for the planet for decades to come, and no amount of solar and wind power worship is going to change that. Who are the real ‘deniers,’ then? With environmentalists becoming increasingly shrill and extreme, as do all coercive utopians detached from reality, Faison’s approachโencouraging innovation around current energy sources like nuclear, coal, and hydropower while seeking new breakthrough energy technologiesโmay well turn out to be the most farsighted if serious climate disruption comes to pass.โ13 โA Conservative Takes on Climate Change,โ The Weekly Standard, April 3, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BdCfH
June 9, 2015
Writing at Forbes, Hayward described climate change as a โsecular religionโ of โleftists and environmentalistsโ:14 Steven F. Hayward. โWhy The Left Needs Climate Change,โ Forbes, June 9, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/f2e2e
โ[P]erhaps a better metaphor for true-believing environmentalism is drug addiction: the addictive need for another rush of euphoria, followed by the crash or pains of withdrawal, and the diminishing returns of the next fix. For thereโs always a next fix for environmentalists: fracking, bee colony collapse disorder, de-forestation, drought, floods, plastic bags โฆ the list is endless,โ Hayward wrote.
โActivist liberal elites always need a Grand Cause to satisfy their messianic needs, or for the political equivalent of a dopamine rush. For such people, the only thing worse that catastrophic climate change is the catastrophe of not having a catastrophe to obsess overโand use as an excuse to extend political control over people and resources, which is the one-side-fits-all answer for every new crisis that starts through the issue-attention cycle.โ
April 29, 2013
Hayward wrote in The Weekly Standard:15 Steven F. Hayward. โThe Climate Circus Leaves Town,โ The Weekly Standard, April 29, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PLTRO
โThe pause in global warmingโโโโโnow going on 15 yearsโโโโโhas become so obvious that many of the leading climate scientists are grudgingly admitting that global warming has stopped.โ
August 24, 2007
โThe planet is warming. Human beings are playing a substantial role in that warming. How large that warming is going to be and how we ought to respond to it is still an open question.โ16 โInconvenient Truth or Convenient Fiction: Sorting out Sense from Nonsense on Global Warming,โ Pacific Research Institute, August 24, 2007. Archived May 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zGPMD
Key Quotes
June 15, 2014
Writing at The Weekly Standard, Hayward describes organizations promoting climate change denial including the Cato Institute, The Heartland Institute, The Global Warming Policy Foundation, and the Competitive Enterprise Institute as โboutique operations next to the environmental establishment.โ17 Steven F. Hayward. โClimate Cultists,โ The Weekly Standard, June 16, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QOySv
โThe total budgets for all of these efforts would probably not add up to a monthโs spending by just the Sierra Club. And yet we are to believe that this comparatively small effort has kept the climate change agenda at bay,โ Hayward wrote.18 Steven F. Hayward. โClimate Cultists,โ The Weekly Standard, June 16, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QOySv
March 5, 2012
โTrue, Heartlandโs board documents reveal seven-figure contributions for their climate work from one ‘anonymous donor,’ but environmental organizations take in many multiples of Heartlandโs total budget in anonymous donations washed through the left-wing Tides Foundation.โ19 Steven F. Hayward. โWhy the Climate Skeptics Are Winning,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 5, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 24. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IVBZx
โAs with Three Mile Island, the hysteria of the media and the political class over the Deepwater spill is likely to lead to increased risk and adverse environmental tradeoffs.โ20 Steven F. Hayward. โWhy the Climate Skeptics Are Winning,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 5, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 24. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IVBZx
January 3, 2011
Writing at the AEI website, Hayward describes climate change as a โnon-falsifiable hypothesisโ:21 Steven F. Hayward. โWhy Climate Change Reminds Me of a T.S. Eliot Poem,โ AEI, January 3, 2011. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NDbBl
โAt some point, however, advocates of non-falsifiable hypotheses end up sleeping on park benches muttering about how ‘the Man,’ or the CIA chip in his head, or international bankers, or โฆ someone, is keeping the truth under wraps. [โฆ] Sometimes, such people get institutionalized, or medicated. And some become global warming advocates.โ
June 21, 2010
โEven if the costs of the spill exceed $15 billion (to be borne by BP) as now seems likely, the benefits of continued offshore oil production still exceed the costs by a wide margin. Economist Peter Passell estimates a net economic benefit of nearly a trillion dollars from continued offshore production. This will not be a popular position to hold so long as live streaming video of the oil spill continues and the media continue to cover the spill in a state of near hysteria. But it is at precisely such times that rational analysis needs to be heard.โ22 Steven Hayward. โHow to Think About Oil Spills: The perils of overreaction,โ The Weekly Standard, Jun 21, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 38. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zYRLh
March 15, 2010
โ[W]e cannot rule out the possibility that the changes of recent decades are part of a natural rebound from the ‘Little Ice Age’ that followed the medieval warm period and ended in the 19th century.โ23 Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
February 19, 2007
โIn any event, it has never been true that we ignore mainstream science; and anyone who reads AEI publications closely can see that we are not ‘skeptics’ about warming. It is possible to accept the general consensus about the existence of global warming while having valid questions about the extent of warming, the consequences of warming, and the appropriate responses.โ24 Steven F. Hayward. โScenes from the Climate Inquisition,โ The Weekly Standard, Feb 19, 2007, Vol. 12, No. 22. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/iGPrt
May 22, 2006
โA sensible climate policy would emphasize building resilience into our capacity to adapt to climate changesโwhether cooling or warming; whether wholly natural, wholly man-made, or somewhere in between.โ25 Steven F. Hayward. โAcclimatizing: How to Think Sensibly, or Ridiculously, about Global Warming,โ National Review, May 22, 2006. Republished by the American Enterprise Institute. Archived February 4, 2007. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9TIRK
Index of Leading Environmental Indicators
Hayward is the author of the โIndex of Leading Environmental Indicators,โ co-published by the American Enterprise Institute and the Pacific Research Institute between 1996 and 2009. The studies generally suggest the environment is improving over time, and implies that little to no intervention is required to solve the world’s environmental problems.
It is also dismissive of global warming dangers. For example, in the 2009 report, Hayward declared:
โThe data show that 2008 was the coolest year since 2000, and there has been no discernible warming for the last decade, after two decades of steady warming between 1979 and 1998.โ26 โIndex of Leading Environmental Indicators: 2009 Report,โ Pacific Research Institute, April 16, 2009 .January 15, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pQ3D1
View the reports below:
- 2009 Report
- 2008 Report
- 2007 Report
- 2006 Report
- 2005 Report
- 2004 Report
- 2003 Report (original file corrupted)
- 2002 Report
- 2001 Report
- 2000 Report
- 1999 Report
- 1998 Report
- 1997 Report
- 1996 Report
Key Deeds
August 15, 2019
Hayward posted a critical review of a Nature Communications article that ranked 386 โclimate change contrariansโ based on media visibility. The article also ranked bona fide climate scientists and found that deniers had nearly 50% more visibility in the media than mainstream scientists.27 Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD 28 Alexander Michael Petersen, Emmanuel M. Vincent, Anthony LeRoy Westerling. โDiscrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians,โ Nature Communications, August 13, 2019. Archived August 14, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/WC84u. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Though Hayward referred to the analysis as โbullshitโ he expressed satisfaction with his 40th place ranking and felt that he was in โpretty great companyโ with the likes of Marc Morano (#1), Freeman Dyson, Ross McKitrick, and John Hinderaker, among others.29 Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
Appearing immediately after Morano in the studyโs rankings were Sen. James Inhofe, Energy Secretary Rick Perry, Judith Curry, and Roy Spencer.30 Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD 31 Alexander Michael Petersen, Emmanuel M. Vincent, Anthony LeRoy Westerling. โDiscrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians,โ Nature Communications, August 13, 2019. Archived August 14, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/WC84u. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Hayward concluded:
โThis is yet another sign of the desperation of the climatistas, whose failure to persuade is prompting their authoritarian streak to become more obvious and frantic. [โฆ] with the climatistas embarrassing themselves on a daily basis, I donโt really need to do much besides sit back and fire up my coal-powered popcorn machine.โ32 Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
June 4, 2018
In an article titled โClimate Change Has Run Its Course,โ Hayward wrote in The Wall Street Journal that โclimate change is no longer a pre-eminent policy issue.โ33 โClimate Change Has Run Its Course,โ The Wal Street Journal, June 4, 2018. Archived June 6, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/r06JW
โClimate change is over. No, Iโm not saying the climate will not change in the future, or that human influence on the climate is negligible. I mean simply that climate change is no longer a pre-eminent policy issue,โ Hayward claimed.
โThe descent of climate change into the abyss of social-justice identity politics represents the last gasp of a cause that has lost its vitality. Climate alarm is like a car alarmโa blaring noise people are tuning out.โ34 โClimate Change Has Run Its Course,โ The Wal Street Journal, June 4, 2018. Archived June 6, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/r06JW
October 10, 2017
Hayward was co-author of a report written for the Center of the American Experiment critical of wind power in Minnesota. While the full report does not explicitly promote a fall back to coal-fired power plants, it claims that Minnesota has โlittle to showโ for its investment in wind power, โexcept higher electricity bills.โ35 Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l 36 โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
โMinnesota is actually failing to achieve the object of its policy, which is to reduce greenhouse gases,โ said Hayward37 Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l
SourceWatch describes the Center for the American Experiment (CAE) as a โright-wing pressure groupโ that works to influence legislation in Minnesota. CAE is also a member of the State Policy Network, a Koch-funded network of conservative think tanks fighting for limited government and regularly opposing climate change legislation in the US.38 โCenter of the American Experiment,โ SourceWatch. Accessed October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2iFMX 39 โCenter for the American Experiment,โ State Policy Network. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/vwXzt
CAE’s president, John Hinderaker, runs the conservative blog Power Line where Steven Hayward is also listed as a blogger.40 Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017.
Critics have called the report short-sighted at best, and wrong at worst. Beth Soholt, Executive Director of Wind of the Wires, said Minnesota’s Public Utilities Commission (MPUC) had already considered the economics behind its energy choices in a โthoughtful and thoroughโ manner.41 Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l
The report suggested in its conclusion that โInstead of rubberstamping a renewable energy project just because it might advance Minnesotaโs green energy goals, moving forward the MPUC should now take greater care in evaluating alternatives and whether the project undermines competitive electricity rates.42 โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
August 28, 2017
While climate scientists such as Michael Mann have noted that the flooding related to severe storms such as Hurricane Harvey can be said โwith great confidenceโ to have worsened the flooding, Hayward posted the alternate view of Roy Spencer at PowerLine, claiming that โThe rainfall amounts are entirely precedented.โ43 Michael E Mann. โIt’s a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly,โ The Guardian, August 28, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/kHT5X 44 โTHE TEXAS STORM AND CLIMATE CHANGE,โ PowerLine, August 28, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/iMTGn
November 2014
Hayward spoke at HIllsale College as part of it’s 2014 Center for Constructive Alternatives โCCAโ series. His talk was titled โa funny thing happened on the way to global warming.โ45 โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
According to Hayward, โthree funny things happened on the way to global warming:โ46 โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
โFirst, global warming stopped. Imagine that. Second, the policy agenda of the ‘climatistas,’ as I call them, or an even better term for the climate crusaders is ‘thermageddonites’โI didn’t think of that, that’s Britain’s Lord Monckton came up with that and I think it’s really goodโbut the policy agenda of the ‘climatistas’ has been revealed to be completely absurd. [โฆ] Even if catastrophic human-caused climate change turned out to be true, environmentalists are the last people you’d want to put in charge of dealing with the problem.โ47 โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
The third thing, Hayward notes, is โthe revival of the oil and gas energy sector to the technological revolution of directional drilling and ‘rock massaging’; that’s what I call fracking.โ View the full video below.48 โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
May 25, 2011
Hayward testified before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations opposing U.N. climate talks. He posted excerpts from his testimony at the National Review, and his complete written testimony is also available on the AEI website.49 โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
โ[T]he international diplomacy of climate change is the most implausible and unpromising initiative since the disarmament talks of the 1930s, and for many of the same reasons,โ Hayward began his testimony to the committee.50 โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
โThe diplomatic approachโthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC)โfirst set in motion formally at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 has reached a dead end,โ he added.51 โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
Hayward pushes an alternative to the U.N. climate talks through a report by the conservative AEI and Brookings Institution which โwould ignore the UNโ and follow โa process begun tentatively by the Bush Administration.โ52 โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
For โmore detailed explanation of this strategy,โ Hayward points to work by Roger Pielke Jr., as well as a 2009 study titled โThe Hartwell paperโ funded by the Japan Iron and Steel Federation, and the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association among other groups.53 โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx 54 โThe Hartwell paper,โ The London Shool of Economics and Political Science, June 6, 2012. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mZjcf
Hayward later expressed similar views in an interview with the The Wall Street Journal:55 โAnother Climate Crack-Up,โ AEI, December 13, 2011. Archived .mp4 on filea at DeSmog.
โThese climate talks are doing nothing to solve the problem of global warmig,โ Hayward said, describing the talks as a โclimate circus.โ56 โAnother Climate Crack-Up,โ AEI, December 13, 2011. Archived .mp4 on filea at DeSmog.
April 2011
Steven Hayward is the author of the Pacific Research Institute (PRI) publication titled the โAlmanac of Environmental Trends (PDF)โ which is published every year on Earth Day.57 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The corresponding website, environmentaltrends.org, describes its vision as to illuminate the nature and causes of environmental conditions in the U.S. and around the world, and to highlight lessons that can be learned from the significant environmental progress that has occurred in many areas.โ58 โAbout,โ Environmentaltrends. Archived June 16, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XzkH3
Notable among the website’s staff, other than Hayward himself, is climate change skeptic Kenneth P. Green who is associated with a number of think tanks including AEI, the Fraser Institute, and the Reason Foundation.59 โStaff membersโ Environmentaltrends. Archived May 18, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/GIvge
According to the print version of the PRI Report, the chief drivers of environmental improvement are economic growth, constantly increasing resource efficiency, technological innovation in pollution control, and โthe deepening of environmental values among the American public.โ It paints a less favorable picture for government policy, which Hayward describes as a โa lagging indicator, often achieving results at needlessly high cost, and sometimes failing completely.โ60 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The report includes sections on Air Quality (Advocacy Groups โdistort air quality data to reinforce public anxietyโ), Energy (We have lots of fossil fuels so we shouldn’t worry), Climate Change (the science isn’t settled), Water Quality (consistently improving), Toxic Chemicals (the EPA’s regulations for toxic chemicals are โout of all proportionโ) Forests and Land (we have lots of trees, so we shouldn’t worry), Biodiversity (it’s โimpossible to draw definite conclusionsโ about species loss, but there are โstable or improving fish and bird habitatsโ), and Public Opinion (people aren’t as worried about the environment).61 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
In his report, Hayward asserts that one of the factors skewing public opinion on environmental quality in the U.S. is environmental advocacy groups โ[โฆ] for whom good news is bad news.โ62 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
According the section of his report on โClimate Change,โ Hayward suggests that climate change has natural causes:63 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โThe historical record suggests that climate shifts can happen suddenly, for reasons that remain unclear. The argument that currently observable climate changes are outside the range of normal climate variability is a key tenet of the climate campaign, and despite the incessant refrain about the โconsensusโ that โthe debate is over,โ this core question is far from settled.โ64 โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
March 15, 2010
Hayward promoted the โClimategateโ controversy in an article for The Weekly Standard.65 Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
According to Hayward, โSkeptics have known and tried to publicize all of these contrarian or confounding scientific findings [that climate change is natural], but the compliant news media routinely ignored all of them, enabling the IPCC to get away with its serial exaggeration and blatant advocacy for more than a decade.66 Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
September 25โ27, 2008
Hayward presented a paper at the third annual โFree Market Forum.โ In his paper, titled โThe Use and Abuse of Global Warming,โ Hayward warns that combatting climate change would result in the expansion of government:67 โ2008 Free Market Forum,โ Hillsdale College. Archived October 20, 2017. 68 โThe Use and Abuse of Global Warming: The Threat to Free Governmentโ (PDF), retrieved from Hillsdale.edu.
โFirst, even if the conventional alarmist version of extreme global warming turns out to be correctโthe reasons to be skeptical of climate catastrophe will have to be left to another paperโthe conventional remedies of environmentalists and the international community are a prescription for catastrophic bureaucratic expansion, centralization of unaccountable power, dirigiste economics, and wholesale political corruption,โ he writes.69 โThe Use and Abuse of Global Warming: The Threat to Free Governmentโ (PDF), retrieved from Hillsdale.edu.
August 24, 2007
Hayward starred in a Pacific Research Institute video titled โInconvenient Truth or Convenient Fiction: Sorting out Sense from Nonsense on Global Warming.โ70 โInconvenient Truth or Convenient Fiction: Sorting out Sense from Nonsense on Global Warming,โ Pacific Research Institute, August 24, 2007. Archived May 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zGPMD
July 5, 2006
As DeSmog reported,71Richard Littlemore. “AEI Seeks Scientists for Sale: $10,000 to First Taker,” DeSmog, November 9, 2006. Hayward was a co-author of a July 2006 letter sent by the American Enterprise Institute to an unknown number of scientists, looking for someone – at a rate of $10,000 for 10,000 words – whose review โthoughtfully explores the limitations of climate model outputs as they pertain to the development of climate policy.โ72“Dear Prof. Schroeder:” (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, July 5, 2006. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The Guardian reported on the AEI study here.73 Ian Sample. โScientists offered cash to dispute climate study,โ The Guardian, February 2, 2007. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/6jm6M Hayward and Green responded in an article at The Weekly Standard where they described The Guardian’s reporting as “a journalistic hit piece.” They claimed that “[e]very claim in the story was false or grossly distorted.”74Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
“Our offer of an honorarium of up to $10,000 to busy scientists to review several thousand pages of material and write an original analysis in the range of 7,500 to 10,000 words is entirely in line with honoraria AEI and similar organizations pay to distinguished economists and legal scholars for commissioned work,” they wrote.75Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
“The climate inquisition is eliminating any space for sensible criticism of the climate science process or moderate deliberation about policy,” they concluded.76Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
August 2, 2002
Hayward signed a letter by Myron Ebell and Fred L. Smith addressed to President George W. Bush, congratulating the President for not attending the World Summit on sustainable Development in Johannesburg.77 โAn Open Letter To President Bush About The World Summit On Sustainable Development,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute, August 2, 2002. Archived November 5, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mMFvn
โWe applaud your decision not to attend the summit in person,โ the letter told President Bush. โAlthough so-called environmental groups may in the next few weeks pressure you to attend, we believe there are good reasons not to give in to this pressure.โ78 โAn Open Letter To President Bush About The World Summit On Sustainable Development,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute, August 2, 2002. Archived November 5, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mMFvn
February 4, 2001
Hayward signed a letter to President Bush requesting that he withdraw from the โClimate Action Report 2002,โ and that the report be rewritten based on โsound science.โ The letter also recommends that Bush โdismiss or re-assign all administration employees who are not pursuing your agenda, just as you have done in several similar instances.โ79 โJoint Letter To President Bush On The EPA’s Climate Action Report,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute. June 7, 2002. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VpMEL
Affiliations
- American Enterprise Institute (AEI) โ F. K. Weyerhaeuser Fellow and Scholar.80 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Center for the American Experiment (CAE) โ Report Co-Author.81 โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
- PowerLine โ Blogger. Note, PowerLine is run by CAE’s current president.82 Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017. 83 โAbout Us,โ PowerLine. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tpR4Z
- Institute for Energy Research (IER) โ Board member.84 โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Institute for Energy Research. Archived September 26, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NRdhd
- Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT) โ Member, Board of Advisors.85 โCFACT Board of Advisors,โ CFACT. July 8, 2009. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IsDEs
- Donors Capital Fund (DCF) โ Former Director and Treasurer (PDF).86 โForm 990: Donors Capital Fund, Incโ (PDF), Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 87 โBoard of Directors,โ Donors Capital Fund. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PJcIr
- Pacific Research Institute โ Senior Fellow.88 โScholars,โ Pacific Research Institute. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Buu63
- Property and Environment Research Center (PERC) โ Former Director.89 โPERC Board,โ Property and Environment Research Center. Archived December 31, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/EJctF
- Reason Magazine โ Contributing Editor, 1990 – 2001.90 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Heritage Foundation โ Bradley Fellow, 1997-98; Henry Salvatori Fellow, 1993-94.91 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Golden State Center for Policy Studies โ Director, 1987 – 1991.92 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Intercollegiate Studies Institute โ Richard M. Weaver Fellow, 1985-86.93 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Claremont Institute โ Director of Journalism, Public Research Syndicated, 1984-87.94 โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- Mont Pelerin Society โ Olive Garvey Fellow, 1990 – 1992.95 โSteven Hayward: Adjunct Fellow,โ Ashbrook. Archived January 21, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ZQjVp
- The Ashbrook Center โ Adjunct Fellow.96 โSteven Hayward: Adjunct Fellow,โ Ashbrook. Archived January 21, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ZQjVp
Social Media
- @stevenfhayward on Twitter.
- Steve Hayward on Facebook.
Publications
Hayward as published hundreds of articles in various magazines and blogs including including:
- The Weekly Standard
- Reason Magazine
- National Review Online
- New York Times
- Wall Street Journal
- Power Line
View a list of Hayward’s publications, searchable by keyword (.xlsx).
Books
- Almanac of Environmental Trends. Pacific Research Institute, April 2011.
- The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Old Liberal Order, 1964-1980.
- The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counter-Revolution, 1980-1989 (CrownForum books).
- Churchill on Leadership, and Greatness: Reagan Churchill, and the Making of Modern Statesmen.
Other Resources
- โSteven F. Hayward,โ SourceWatch.
- โSteven F. Hayward,โ Wikipedia.
- ExxonSecrets Factsheet: Steven F. Hayward.
- Steven F. Hayward. โConservatism and Climate Science,โ Issues Volume XXX, Issue 3 (Spring, 2014). Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/anI6M
Resources
- 1โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 2โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 3โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 4โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 5โSteven Hayward,โ Ashbrook. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/riMAv
- 6โMeet the Faculty,โ Pepperdine School of Public Policy. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fwMow
- 7Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017.
- 8โAbout Us,โ PowerLine. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tpR4Z
- 9โForm 990: Donors Capital Fund, Incโ (PDF), Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 10โBoard of Directors,โ Donors Capital Fund. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PJcIr
- 11โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Institute for Energy Research. Archived September 26, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NRdhd
- 12โA Conservative Takes on Climate Change,โ The Weekly Standard, April 3, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BdCfH
- 13โA Conservative Takes on Climate Change,โ The Weekly Standard, April 3, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BdCfH
- 14Steven F. Hayward. โWhy The Left Needs Climate Change,โ Forbes, June 9, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/f2e2e
- 15Steven F. Hayward. โThe Climate Circus Leaves Town,โ The Weekly Standard, April 29, 2013. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PLTRO
- 16โInconvenient Truth or Convenient Fiction: Sorting out Sense from Nonsense on Global Warming,โ Pacific Research Institute, August 24, 2007. Archived May 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zGPMD
- 17Steven F. Hayward. โClimate Cultists,โ The Weekly Standard, June 16, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QOySv
- 18Steven F. Hayward. โClimate Cultists,โ The Weekly Standard, June 16, 2014. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/QOySv
- 19Steven F. Hayward. โWhy the Climate Skeptics Are Winning,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 5, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 24. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IVBZx
- 20Steven F. Hayward. โWhy the Climate Skeptics Are Winning,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 5, 2012, Vol. 17, No. 24. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IVBZx
- 21Steven F. Hayward. โWhy Climate Change Reminds Me of a T.S. Eliot Poem,โ AEI, January 3, 2011. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NDbBl
- 22Steven Hayward. โHow to Think About Oil Spills: The perils of overreaction,โ The Weekly Standard, Jun 21, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 38. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zYRLh
- 23Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
- 24Steven F. Hayward. โScenes from the Climate Inquisition,โ The Weekly Standard, Feb 19, 2007, Vol. 12, No. 22. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/iGPrt
- 25Steven F. Hayward. โAcclimatizing: How to Think Sensibly, or Ridiculously, about Global Warming,โ National Review, May 22, 2006. Republished by the American Enterprise Institute. Archived February 4, 2007. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9TIRK
- 26โIndex of Leading Environmental Indicators: 2009 Report,โ Pacific Research Institute, April 16, 2009 .January 15, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pQ3D1
- 27Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
- 28Alexander Michael Petersen, Emmanuel M. Vincent, Anthony LeRoy Westerling. โDiscrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians,โ Nature Communications, August 13, 2019. Archived August 14, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/WC84u. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 29Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
- 30Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
- 31Alexander Michael Petersen, Emmanuel M. Vincent, Anthony LeRoy Westerling. โDiscrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians,โ Nature Communications, August 13, 2019. Archived August 14, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/WC84u. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 32Steven Hayward. โSteve and John Make the Climate Blacklist!,โ powerlineblog.com, August 15, 2019. Archived August 15, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/IProD
- 33โClimate Change Has Run Its Course,โ The Wal Street Journal, June 4, 2018. Archived June 6, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/r06JW
- 34โClimate Change Has Run Its Course,โ The Wal Street Journal, June 4, 2018. Archived June 6, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.li/r06JW
- 35Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l
- 36โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
- 37Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l
- 38โCenter of the American Experiment,โ SourceWatch. Accessed October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2iFMX
- 39โCenter for the American Experiment,โ State Policy Network. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/vwXzt
- 40Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017.
- 41Don Davis. โIs wind power living up to potential? Conservative groups says no, supporters disagree,โ Brainerd Dispatch, October 10, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zJm5l
- 42โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
- 43Michael E Mann. โIt’s a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly,โ The Guardian, August 28, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/kHT5X
- 44โTHE TEXAS STORM AND CLIMATE CHANGE,โ PowerLine, August 28, 2017. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/iMTGn
- 45โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 46โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 47โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 48โA Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Global Warming,โ YouTube video uploaded by user โHillsdale College,โ November 11, 2014. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
- 49โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
- 50โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
- 51โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
- 52โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
- 53โU.N. Climate Talks Not About Temperature,โ National Review, May 26, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/W3fIx
- 54โThe Hartwell paper,โ The London Shool of Economics and Political Science, June 6, 2012. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mZjcf
- 55โAnother Climate Crack-Up,โ AEI, December 13, 2011. Archived .mp4 on filea at DeSmog.
- 56โAnother Climate Crack-Up,โ AEI, December 13, 2011. Archived .mp4 on filea at DeSmog.
- 57โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 58โAbout,โ Environmentaltrends. Archived June 16, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XzkH3
- 59โStaff membersโ Environmentaltrends. Archived May 18, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/GIvge
- 60โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 61โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 62โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 63โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 64โ2011 Almanac of Environmental Trendโ (PDF), Pacific Research Institute, April, 2011. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 65Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
- 66Steven F. Hayward. โIn Denial: The meltdown of the climate campaign,โ The Weekly Standard, Mar 15, 2010, Vol. 15, No. 25. Archived August 17, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rcmNK
- 67โ2008 Free Market Forum,โ Hillsdale College. Archived October 20, 2017.
- 68โThe Use and Abuse of Global Warming: The Threat to Free Governmentโ (PDF), retrieved from Hillsdale.edu.
- 69โThe Use and Abuse of Global Warming: The Threat to Free Governmentโ (PDF), retrieved from Hillsdale.edu.
- 70โInconvenient Truth or Convenient Fiction: Sorting out Sense from Nonsense on Global Warming,โ Pacific Research Institute, August 24, 2007. Archived May 5, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zGPMD
- 71Richard Littlemore. “AEI Seeks Scientists for Sale: $10,000 to First Taker,” DeSmog, November 9, 2006.
- 72“Dear Prof. Schroeder:” (PDF), American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, July 5, 2006. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 73Ian Sample. โScientists offered cash to dispute climate study,โ The Guardian, February 2, 2007. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/6jm6M
- 74Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
- 75Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
- 76Kenneth P. Green and Steven F. Hayward. “Scenes from the Climate Inquisition,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 12, No. 22 (February 19, 2007). Archived June 3, 2012. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/LQqCm
- 77โAn Open Letter To President Bush About The World Summit On Sustainable Development,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute, August 2, 2002. Archived November 5, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mMFvn
- 78โAn Open Letter To President Bush About The World Summit On Sustainable Development,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute, August 2, 2002. Archived November 5, 2002. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mMFvn
- 79โJoint Letter To President Bush On The EPA’s Climate Action Report,โ Competitive Enterprise Institute. June 7, 2002. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VpMEL
- 80โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 81โEnergy Policy in Minnesota: The High Cost of Failureโ (PDF), October 19, 2017.
- 82Ricardo Lopez. โConservative blogger, attorney takes helm of Center of the American Experiment,โ Star Tribune, January 17, 2016. Archived October 20, 2017.
- 83โAbout Us,โ PowerLine. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tpR4Z
- 84โBOARD OF DIRECTORS,โ Institute for Energy Research. Archived September 26, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/NRdhd
- 85โCFACT Board of Advisors,โ CFACT. July 8, 2009. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/IsDEs
- 86โForm 990: Donors Capital Fund, Incโ (PDF), Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 87โBoard of Directors,โ Donors Capital Fund. Archived October 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/PJcIr
- 88โScholars,โ Pacific Research Institute. Archived February 18, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Buu63
- 89โPERC Board,โ Property and Environment Research Center. Archived December 31, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/EJctF
- 90โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 91โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 92โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 93โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 94โSteven F. Hayward,โ American Enterprise Institute. Archived November 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XISS4
- 95โSteven Hayward: Adjunct Fellow,โ Ashbrook. Archived January 21, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ZQjVp
- 96โSteven Hayward: Adjunct Fellow,โ Ashbrook. Archived January 21, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ZQjVp