Photo credit: screengrab from Twitter
Sean Noble
Credentials
- B.A., Broadcast Communications, Arizona State University (1995).1 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Background
Sean Noble is a rightwing political strategist who founded and runs consulting firms, including DC London, Noble Associates, and Compass Strategies, along with the non-profit group dubbed American Encore. American Encore was formerly known as the Center to Protect Patient Rights (CPPR), originally set up to funnel money to oppose the Affordable Care Act and more.2 โAbout us,โ DC London. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/9m9eF 3 Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ 4 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 5 โAbout,โ American Encore. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 6 Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
American Encore has since served as a key conduit for funds raised by the billionaire Koch brothers to a network of non-profits promoting climate science denial and right-wing causes.7 Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
Between 1995 and 2008, Noble was Chief of Staff to former Republican Congressman John Shadegg, representing Arizona. In 2010, Shadeggโs re-election campaign disputed climate change, citing Steve McIntyre and Michael Fumento, who have a history of casting doubt on climate science. Shadegg was a member of the House Select Energy Independence and Global Warming Committee and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. He opposed the Waxman-Markey American Clean Energy and Security Act, calling it a โlife tax.โ8 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 9 Matthew Nisbet. โCongressman John Shadegg (R-AZ) runs for re-election disputing climate change,โ Big Think, August 16, 2010. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/ATMVA 10 โHouse Select Energy Independence and Global Warming Committee,โ C-Span. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 11 โRep. Shadegg on Climate Change/Energy Bill,โ C-Span, June 26, 2009. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Noble served as a โtop advisorโ to US Senator for Oklahoma, Tom Coburn, during his 2004 election campaign. Coburn has said he is a โglobal warming denier,โ calling climate science โcrap.โ12 Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ 13 Alex Brown. โTom Coburn Labels Himself a โGlobal Warming Denierโ,โ The Atlantic, August 27, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Nobleโs now-deleted blog, Noble Thinking, published an article in 2009 criticizing then Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi for tabling the American Clean Energy and Security Act, calling it a โHUGE tax increasing monstrosity.โ The bill would have introduced a cap-and-trade emissions reduction plan similar to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.14 Sean Noble. โPelosiโs No-Win Strategy On Climate Change,โ Noble Thinking, June 23, 2009. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/Hqm29
Noble has ties to the UK’s free market network through Matthew Elliott, former chief executive of the Taxpayers’ Alliance and the official pro-Brexit Vote Leave campaign. Elliott and Noble were listed as partners at technology firm Awareness Analytics Partners (A2P), which claims to have a database of 115 million social profiles that it uses to identify โnetworks and peopleโ who share particular attitudes and attributes, before โmicro-target[ing] your ads to the people most likely to take your desired action.โ15 โMeet the team,โ A2Partners. Archived January 10, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The Center to Protect Patient Rights
In 2012 alone, Noble was responsible for distributing almost $137 million from the Center to Protect Patient Rights, including to groups supporting Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, according to a ProPublica report. Tax returns revealed the Koch-funded CPPR had paid companies run by Noble almost $24 million for consulting and other services.16 Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
The same year, the CPPR funded TV ads defending Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker during his recall election, through a group called the Coalition for American Values, apparently set up solely for this purpose.17 Andy Kroll. โShadowy Wisconsin Group That Helped Scott Walker Win His Recall Was Backed by the Koch Network,โ Mother Jones, January 9, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
In 2016, three groups funded by the CPPR were fined by the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) for failing to disclose their sources of funding earmarked for federal political adverts. In 2010, the CPPR gave a total of more than $25 million to the Iowa-based American Future Fund, Virginia-based 60 Plus Association (founded by Noble), and Americans for Job Security. The FEC found Noble had closely directed the spending of the grants, violating federal rules requiring organizations to identify the source of any money earmarked for a political expenditure.18 Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ 19 Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
In 2013, the CPPR was ordered to pay a $500,000 fine to authorities in California, along with another Arizona-based group, Americans for Responsible Leadership (ARL), through which it had secretly funnelled $11 million to fight a tax increase and support a proposal to restrict unionsโ political power. That was the largest election fine in California history. According to a Washington Post report, Noble worked with Tony Russo, a California-based Republican strategist, and the โtwo agreed to a money swap: Russo sent money to an Arizona group that Noble ran, in the hopes that Noble would get other organizations to send similar amounts back into California, masking the original donors.โ Noble and the Kochs denied any wrongdoing. It is unclear who paid the fine.20 Kim Barker. โDark Money Groups Pay Million in Fines in California Case,โ ProPublica, October 24, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 21 Matea Gold, Tom Hamburger. โCalifornia donor disclosure case exposes how nonprofit groups can play in politics,โ Washington Post, November 4, 2013. Archived May 31, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/6Ll3G
Also in 2013, Arizonaโs biggest electric utility, Arizona Public Service Company (APS), funded an ad campaign to rally support for increasing costs on solar customers, later admitting it had sent money through Sean Nobleโs consulting firm DC London to the 60 Plus Association and Prosper, a free-market group founded by Kirk Adams, former Chief of Staff to Arizona Governor Doug Ducey.22 Alex Kotch. โHow The Arizona Corporation Commission Turned Anti-Solar In Just A Few Years,โ DeSmog, July 8, 2016.
CPPR has previously handed out grants of over $1 million to Concerned Women for America, Free Enterprise America, American Commitment, and the Coalition to Protect Patient Rights, as well as funding Americans for Responsible Leadership.23 Viveca Novak. โExclusive: Center to Protect Patient Rights Gave Millions in 2011 to Outside Spenders in Election,โ Center for Responsive Politics, December 17, 2012. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Noble is a founder and board member of American Commitment, a group which joined a coalition of lobby groups in 2018 to pressure Congress to halt any expansion of the electric vehicle tax credit, or scrap it entirely, as reported by DeSmog.24 Ben Jervey. โKoch-Funded GroupsโYet AgainโSpeak Out Against Electric Vehicle Tax Credits,โ DeSmog, September 27, 2018.
In 2013, Huffington Post reported that CPPR had been working with an affiliated Delaware-registered limited liability company, Corner Table, which does not have to reveal its contributors at all, according to tax documents filed by Freedom Partners, a free market group described by Politico as the โKoch brothers’ secret bank.โ Freedom Partners has since rebranded itself as โStand Together.โ25 Peter Stone. โSean Noble, ‘Wizard’ Behind Koch Brothers’ Donor Network, Now On The Outs,โ Huffington Post, October 2, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. 26 Mike Allen, Jim Vandehei. โThe Koch brothers’ secret bank,โ Politico, September 11, 2013. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/zSIg4
Stance on Climate Change
August 31, 2014
Noble tweeted:
โSo much for climate science being โsettled.โ Al Gore eating a healthy serving of crow today.โ27 โSo much for climate science being โsettled.โ Al Gore eating a healthy serving of crow today. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2738653/Stunning-satellite-images-summer-ice-cap-thicker-covers-1-7million-square-kilometres-MORE-2-years-ago-despite-Al-Gore-s-prediction-ICE-FREE-now.html โฆโ Tweet by @SeanNobleAZDC, August 31, 2014. Archived .png on file at DeSmog.
November 25, 2009
Noble tweeted:
โAt my son’s little league game in Phoenix and freezing my tail off. Global warming? I think not.โ28 โAt my son’s little league game in Phoenix and freezing my tail off. Global warming? I think not. #littleleague #globalwarming #tcot,โ Tweet by @SeanNobleAZDC, November 25, 2009. Archived .png on file at DeSmog.
Key Quotes
January 29, 2016
In a blog post following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President, Noble wrote:29 Sean Noble. โTrump: An Indecent Proposal,โ Noble Thinking, January 29, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/kDIwL
โI was originally dismissive of Trump, figuring he would flame out in due time, but have grudgingly come to the realization that there are just enough Republican voters who simply donโt care about ideology and eat up the showmanship and blunt talk of the entertainer/businessman.
โIโd like to think that voters have a better sense of decency. If there is one word I associate with Trump it is indecent. He is vulgar, ugly, mean, misogynistic, and completely in love with himself. It appears that there is nothing this guy would not do or say to get ahead.โ30 Sean Noble. โTrump: An Indecent Proposal,โ Noble Thinking, January 29, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/kDIwL
Key Deeds
July 13, 2016
Three groups funded by the Nobleโs Center to Protect Patient Rights were fined by the Federal Elections Commission in 2016 for failing to disclose their sources of funding earmarked for federal political ads supporting Republican House candidates during the 2010 election.31 Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/4db0t
2012
Tax returns revealed that the Koch-funded Center to Protect Patient Rights had paid three firms owned by Noble almost $24 million for consulting and other services during the year.32 Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
April 16, 2009
The Center to Protect Patient Rights was established, with Sean Noble as Executive Director. The groupโs initial secretary was Heather Higgins, Chair of the Independent Women’s Forum (IWF), another Koch-tied group which has repeatedly rejected mainstream climate science.33 Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
1995
Noble became Chief of Staff to former Republican Congressman John Shadegg, representing Arizona.34 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Affiliations
- American Encore (formerly the Center to Protect Patient Rights) โ Founder and President.35 โAbout,โ American Encore. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- Koch Industries โ Former consultant.36 Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- John Shadegg โ Campaign advisor and Chief of Staff to John Shadegg. Consultant/Campaign Manager for โJohn Shadegg’s Friendsโ from June to Nov 2008.37 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- Arizona Republican Party โ Victory Chairman (2006).38 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- Tom Coburn for U.S. Senate โ Consultant (2004).39 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- National Republican Congressional Committee โ Consultant (1999 โ 2000).40 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- Noble Associates โ Founder and consultant.41 Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- DC London โ Founding partner.42 โAbout us,โ DC London. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/9m9eF
- Compass Strategies AZ โ Partner (June 2015 โ Present).43 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- John Shadegg’s Friends โ Consultant/Campaign Manager (June โ Nov 2008). Also Chief of Staff for Congressman John Shadegg from 1995 to 2008.44 โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- American Commitment โ Founder and board member.45 Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
- 60 Plus Association โ Founder.46 Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
- Arizona Public Service Company (APS) โ Funnelled money to the 60 Plus Association and Prosper on behalf of APS.47 Alex Kotch. โHow The Arizona Corporation Commission Turned Anti-Solar In Just A Few Years,โ DeSmog, July 8, 2016.
- Americans for Limited Government โ Unspecified consultant.48 Kenneth Vogel, Ben Smith. โKochs’ plan for 2012: raise M,โ Politico, February 11, 2011. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/pAzXL
- Awareness Analytics Partners (A2P) โ Founding partner.49 โMeet the team,โ A2Partners. Archived January 10, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Social Media
- @SeanNobleAZDC on Twitter.
- Sean Noble on LinkedIn.
Publications
- โTrump: An Indecent Proposal,โ Noble Thinking, January 29, 2016.
- โOccupying Irony,โ Noble Thinking, November 6, 2011.
Other Resources
- โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica.
- โSourceWatch,โ SourceWatch.
Resources
- 1โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 2โAbout us,โ DC London. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/9m9eF
- 3Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- 4โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 5โAbout,โ American Encore. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 6Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- 7Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- 8โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 9Matthew Nisbet. โCongressman John Shadegg (R-AZ) runs for re-election disputing climate change,โ Big Think, August 16, 2010. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/ATMVA
- 10โHouse Select Energy Independence and Global Warming Committee,โ C-Span. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 11โRep. Shadegg on Climate Change/Energy Bill,โ C-Span, June 26, 2009. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 12Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- 13Alex Brown. โTom Coburn Labels Himself a โGlobal Warming Denierโ,โ The Atlantic, August 27, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 14Sean Noble. โPelosiโs No-Win Strategy On Climate Change,โ Noble Thinking, June 23, 2009. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/Hqm29
- 15โMeet the team,โ A2Partners. Archived January 10, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 16Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- 17Andy Kroll. โShadowy Wisconsin Group That Helped Scott Walker Win His Recall Was Backed by the Koch Network,โ Mother Jones, January 9, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 18Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- 19Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
- 20Kim Barker. โDark Money Groups Pay Million in Fines in California Case,โ ProPublica, October 24, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 21Matea Gold, Tom Hamburger. โCalifornia donor disclosure case exposes how nonprofit groups can play in politics,โ Washington Post, November 4, 2013. Archived May 31, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/6Ll3G
- 22Alex Kotch. โHow The Arizona Corporation Commission Turned Anti-Solar In Just A Few Years,โ DeSmog, July 8, 2016.
- 23Viveca Novak. โExclusive: Center to Protect Patient Rights Gave Millions in 2011 to Outside Spenders in Election,โ Center for Responsive Politics, December 17, 2012. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 24Ben Jervey. โKoch-Funded GroupsโYet AgainโSpeak Out Against Electric Vehicle Tax Credits,โ DeSmog, September 27, 2018.
- 25Peter Stone. โSean Noble, ‘Wizard’ Behind Koch Brothers’ Donor Network, Now On The Outs,โ Huffington Post, October 2, 2013. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 26Mike Allen, Jim Vandehei. โThe Koch brothers’ secret bank,โ Politico, September 11, 2013. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/zSIg4
- 27โSo much for climate science being โsettled.โ Al Gore eating a healthy serving of crow today. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2738653/Stunning-satellite-images-summer-ice-cap-thicker-covers-1-7million-square-kilometres-MORE-2-years-ago-despite-Al-Gore-s-prediction-ICE-FREE-now.html โฆโ Tweet by @SeanNobleAZDC, August 31, 2014. Archived .png on file at DeSmog.
- 28โAt my son’s little league game in Phoenix and freezing my tail off. Global warming? I think not. #littleleague #globalwarming #tcot,โ Tweet by @SeanNobleAZDC, November 25, 2009. Archived .png on file at DeSmog.
- 29Sean Noble. โTrump: An Indecent Proposal,โ Noble Thinking, January 29, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/kDIwL
- 30Sean Noble. โTrump: An Indecent Proposal,โ Noble Thinking, January 29, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/kDIwL
- 31Nicholas Confessore. โThree Nonprofits, Former Koch Brothersโ Associates, Fined by F.E.C.โ New York Times, July 13, 2016. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/4db0t
- 32Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- 33Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- 34โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 35โAbout,โ American Encore. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 36Kim Barker, Theodoric Meyer. โThe Dark Money Man: How Sean Noble Moved the Kochsโ Cash into Politics and Made Millions,โ ProPublica, February 14, 2014. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/YB2Ah
- 37โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 38โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 39โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 40โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 41Alex Kotch. โGroups tied to the Koch brothers lied to the IRS โ and theyโre paying for it,โ Salon, August 9, 2016. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/LdGHZ
- 42โAbout us,โ DC London. Archived May 28, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/9m9eF
- 43โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 44โSean Noble,โ LinkedIn. Archived May 28, 2019. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 45Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
- 46Ben Jervey. โKoch vs. California: These Groups Are Pushing Pruitt to Undo the Stateโs Right to Regulate Auto Emissions,โ DeSmog, April 10, 2018.
- 47Alex Kotch. โHow The Arizona Corporation Commission Turned Anti-Solar In Just A Few Years,โ DeSmog, July 8, 2016.
- 48Kenneth Vogel, Ben Smith. โKochs’ plan for 2012: raise M,โ Politico, February 11, 2011. Archived May 29, 2019. Archive.fo URL: http://archive.fo/pAzXL
- 49โMeet the team,โ A2Partners. Archived January 10, 2018. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.