International Emissions Trading Association (IETA)

Background

The International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) is a Swiss-based trade association founded in June 1999 “to address climate challenges with market solutions.”¹ The organization’s membership roster includes some of the world’s largest fossil fuel and energy distribution companies.

IETA’s stated objective is to “achieve climate objectives with minimal economic harm,” and its activities have focused primarily on influencing global emissions trading and pricing policies. IETA has been actively engaged in monitoring and shaping carbon market mechanisms in the Paris Agreement as well as its predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol.“² ³

Founding members of IETA include ABB, BP, Ecosecurities, the Emissions Trading Association of Australia, International Primary Aluminium Association, KPMG, Mitsubishi, Natsource, Norsk Hydro, Rio Tinto, and Transalta. According to the International Emissions Trading Association’s website, the organization received early administrative and legal support from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).⁴ ⁵

According to IETA’s materials, the group’s first official member gathering took place at the International Petroleum Exchange in London. In 2007 the group established an office in Brussels “to engage in policy and market development,” as well as in Washington, D.C., and opened an office in Toronto in 2010.⁶

The International Emissions Trading Association is an accredited observer to United Nations climate talks. It claims to be “the leading international advocacy voice for emissions markets”⁷ and a think tank “able to drive market standards.”⁸

IETA‘s Influence on the Paris Agreement and International Climate Negotiations

During the 2018 COP24 United Nations climate negotiations, the IETA may have played a key role in drafting sections of the Paris Agreement that pertain to carbon emissions trading. IETA CEO and president Dirk Forrister told DeSmog UK in 2018 that “most of the ideas that we think are important for the market credibility are in the [negotiating] text.”⁹ IETA director David Hone, who also serves as Shell’s chief climate change advisor told The Intercept that IETA “put together a straw proposal. Many of the elements of that straw proposal appear in the Paris agreement.” Hone is also Shell’s chief climate change advisor.¹⁰

In a 2017 report, the group Corporate Accountability International (CAI) revealed that at 2017’s COP23 climate negotiations in Bonn, Germany, a former IETA president negotiated carbon trading rules as a member of a government delegation. CAI‘s report, “Polluting Paris: How big polluters are undermining global climate policy,” exposed efforts by major carbon emitters and trade organizations to shape global markets and climate agreements.¹¹

In 2016, DeSmog reported that at the COP22 negotiations in Marrakesh, Morocco, the International Emissions Trading Association sponsored a “business hub” inside the summit’s inner “blue zone,” an area generally reserved for negotiation with country delegations. IETA also sponsored multiple corporate events outside of the official gathering, and provided member representatives with credentials to attend the negotiations.¹²

Stance on Climate Change

April 13, 2015

Speaking in a video produced by the World Bank, IETA CEO and president Dirk Forrister noted that many business leaders had dismissed climate change until recently. This shift in perspective coincided with growing debate about how best to curb emissions: through tax policy, “command and control” by national or supranational entities, or market-based solutions.¹³ ¹⁴

Funding

The International Emissions Trading Association has several membership tiers, with fees ranging from the equivalent of about $9000 (8,400 Swiss francs) for entities with fewer than 51 employees, to $27,000 (25,500 Swiss francs) for those with headquarters in OECD countries and 251 or more employees. It does not disclose the sources of its additional funding.¹⁵ ¹⁶

IETA Members

Category & Name	2019	2020
Banks & Exchanges
AirCarbon Exchange		Y
Bank of America/Merrill Lynch	Y	Y
BNP Paribas	Y	Y
BV Rio		Y
CBL Markets	Y
Climate Resources Exchange (CRX)	Y
Commerzbank	Y	Y
CommonwealthBank	Y
EEX	Y	Y
Guotai Junan Securities	Y	Y
ICE (Intercontinental Exchange)	Y	Y
NACX (North American Climate Exchange)	Y
Permian Global		Y
Terra Global Capital		Y
TMX\|NGX	Y
Xpansiv		Y
Brokers/Originators/Traders
ACT Commodities	Y	Y
AitherCO2		Y
Allcot Group	Y
Althelia Ecosphere \| Ecosphere +	Y
BGC Partners	Y	Y
CE2 Carbon Capital	Y
CF Partners		Y
CPE Cell	Y	Y
EDF Energy	Y	Y
Elbow River		Y
EnKing International	Y	Y
Environmental Commodity Partners	Y	Y
Gunvor Global Commodities Trading	Y
Hartree		Y
Koch Supply & Trading	Y	Y
Mercomind	Y
Mercuria	Y
Natural Capital Partners		Y
Permian Global	Y
Powerex		Y
Terra Global Capital	Y
Vattenfall	Y
Vertis	Y	Y
Zhixin Carbon Asset	Y	Y
Certifiers / Verifiers
Carbon Credit Solutions Inc.	Y
KPMG	Y
PriceWaterhouseCoopers	Y
Ruby Canyon Engineering	Y
Consulting/Analysts
3Degrees	Y	Y
AitherCO2	Y
Allcot Group		Y
Argus	Y	Y
Bloomberg New Energy Finance	Y	Y
Bluesource	Y	Y
BP \| Target Neutral	Y	Y
Brinkman Climate	Y
C-Quest Capital		Y
Carbon Bay		Y
Carbon Finance Labs		Y
Carbonsink	Y	Y
ClearBlue Markets	Y	Y
Climate Cent Foundation	Y
Climate Neutral Group	Y	Y
Climate Solutions Group	Y
ClimateCare	Y	Y
ClimatePartner		Y
ClimeCo	Y	Y
CO2 Logic		Y
CO2Balance.com	Y	Y
Cool Effect		Y
Delphi Group	Y	Y
DNV–GL		Y
EcoAct		Y
EcoEye	Y	Y
Ecosphere		Y
Enegia	Y
EnerKe		Y
Enviro-Mark Solutions		Y
First Climate	Y	Y
Green Assets		Y
HIS Markit	Y
ICIS	Y	Y
IHS Markit		Y
Inlandsis	Y	Y
Klik		Y
Korea Research Institute on Climate Change	Y
MGM Innova Group	Y
Microenergy Credits		Y
Natural Capital Partners	Y
Nature Bank	Y
Point Carbon	Y
PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PWC)		Y
Refinitiv		Y
Solsystems		Y
South Pole	Y	Y
TDR Energy	Y	Y
The Climate Trust	Y	Y
Thomson Reuters	Y
Tradewater	Y
Vivid Economics	Y	Y
VNV Advisory	Y	Y
Xpansiv	Y
YC Consultants Ltd.		Y
Industry/Energy/Power
Acwa Power	Y	Y
Atco	Y	Y
BHP Billiton	Y	Y
BP	Y	Y
Capital Power	Y	Y
Centrica	Y
Cez Group	Y	Y
Chevron	Y	Y
CLP	Y	Y
Dalkia Group EDF	Y
Dow Chemical	Y	Y
Drax		Y
Elbow River	Y
Enbridge	Y	Y
Enel	Y	Y
Engie	Y	Y
Eni	Y	Y
Equinor	Y	Y
Fortum	Y	Y
GasNatural Fenosa	Y
Heartland Generation		Y
Holcim		Y
Hydra		Y
Hydro	Y	Y
Iberdrola	Y	Y
KOEN		Y
Lafarge Holcim	Y	Y
LNG Canada		Y
Marubeni	Y
Michelin	Y	Y
Mitsui & Co.	Y	Y
Naturgy		Y
Nova Chemicals	Y	Y
Nutrien	Y	Y
Ontario Power Generation	Y	Y
PetroChina	Y
PG&E	Y
Powerex	Y
Quimobasicos	Y	Y
Repsol	Y	Y
Rio Tinto	Y	Y
RWE	Y	Y
Shell	Y	Y
Solvay	Y	Y
SSE	Y
Statkraft	Y	Y
Suncor Energy	Y	Y
TC Energy		Y
Total	Y	Y
TransCanada	Y
Trucknet		Y
Uniper	Y	Y
Vattenfall		Y
Veolia	Y
Wolf Midstream		Y
Woodside		Y
Law Firms
Baker McKenzie	Y	Y
Beveridge & Diamond PC	Y
DeMarco Allan LLP	Y	Y
Dentons	Y	Y
Latham & Watkins LLP	Y	Y
Linklaters	Y	Y
Norton Rose Fulbright	Y	Y
Reed Smith	Y	Y
Sheppard Mullin	Y	Y
Standards & Others
American Carbon Registry	Y	Y
American Forestry Foundation		Y
APX	Y	Y
Arbor Day Foundation	Y	Y
Carbon Bay	Y
CarbonCredit Solutions Inc.		Y
Cercarbono		Y
Climate Action Reserve	Y	Y
CSA Group	Y	Y
Global Carbon Council		Y
Gulf Organization for Research & Development	Y
Ruby Canyon Engineering		Y
Verra	Y	Y

Edison Electric Institute Funding

A 2015 990 filing by the Edison Electric Institute showed a contribution in the amount of $15,000 for the sponsorship of an IETA conference. EEI is a trade association of U.S. electric utility companies that has consistently fought against net metering.

Key People

Board of Directors

Name	2019¹⁷	2020	Title	Affiliation
Abyd Karmali	Y	Y	Director	Managing Director & Global Head of Carbon Markets, Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Andrei Marcu	Y	Y	Honorary Board Member	ICTSD/ERCST, Former IETA President & CEO
Arthur Lee	Y	Y	Director	Fellow and Principal Advisor, Environmental & Climate Change, Chevron
Christine Faure-Fedigan	Y	Y	Director	Director, Corporate Climate Policy, Engie
Daniele Agostini	Y	Y	Director	Head of Low Carbon Policies & Carbon Regulation, Enel
David Hone	Y	Y	Director	Chief Climate Change Adviser, Shell
Ed Ma	Y	Y	Director	Senior Advisor, Suncor
Enric Arderiu Serra	Y	Y	Director	Emissions Originator, BP
Federico Di Credico		Y	Director	Managing Director, ACT Financial Solutions
Fiona Wild	Y	Y	Director	VP Environment and Climate Change, BHP
Hendrik Rosenthal		Y	Director	Director – Group Sustainability, CLP Holdings Limited
Jeanne Ng	Y		Director	Director, Research Institute, CLP Holdings Limited
Jonathan Grant	Y	Y	Vice Chairperson	Director, Sustainability & Climate Change, PwC
Jonathan Shopley		Y	Director	Managing Director, External Affairs, Natural Capital Partners
Lisa DeMarco		Y	Vice Chairperson	Senior Partner, DeMarco Allan LLP
Liv Rathe	Y	Y	Director	Director, Hydro
Mary Grady		Y	Director	Deputy Director, American Carbon Registry
Matthew Bateson	Y		Vice Chairperson	Global Practice Leader for Energy, Environment & Climate Change, Rio Tinto
Paul Dawson	Y	Y	Director	Head of Regulatory Affairs, RWE Supply & Trading
Rick Saines	Y	Y	Chairman of the Board	Counsel, Baker McKenzie
Takashi Hongo	Y	Y	Director	Senior Fellow, Mistui Global Strategic Studies Institute

Fellows

Name	2019¹⁸	2020	Title	Affiliation
Anne-Marie Warris	Y	Y	Fellow
Bill Kyte	Y	Y	Fellow	E.ON, Powergen
Bob Page	Y	Y	Fellow	former Vice President for Sustainable Development at Transalta
Bruce Braine	Y	Y	Fellow	AEP (retired)
Dirk Forrister	Y	Y	Fellow	Natsource
Frank Joshua	Y	Y	Fellow
Gudmunder Sigurthorsson	Y		Fellow	former Senior VP, DNV
Joan Macnaughton	Y	Y	Fellow	Chair of the World Energy Trilemma at the World Energy Council
John Kilani	Y	Y	Fellow	UNFCCC, ret.
Ken Newcombe	Y	Y	Fellow	former head of the World Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit
Marc Stuart	Y	Y	Fellow	co-founder of EcoSecurities
Mark Proegler	Y	Y	Fellow	former executive at BP
Pedro Moura Costa	Y	Y	Fellow	EcoSecurities
Richard Gledhill	Y	Y	Fellow	PwC
Sir Charles Nicholson	Y		Fellow	formerly of BP
James Cameron		Y
Jean-Yves Caneill		Y
Jack Cogen		Y
Rutger De Witt Wijnen		Y
Karen Degouve		Y
Dan Dudek		Y
Christiana Figueres		Y
Charles Nicholson		Y
Richard Sandor		Y
Gudmundur Sigurthorsson		Y
Vikram Widge		Y
Errick “Skip” Willis		Y

Actions

October 31–November 12, 2021

The International Emissions Trading Association attended COP26, the twenty-sixth U.N. climate conference, according to the official provisional list of registered participants.¹⁹

Listed IETA representatives included:

Derrick Forrister — Chief Executive Officer
Andrea Abrahams
Adam Berman
Andrea Bonzanni
Ellen Lourie
Pierra-Lisa Spafford — Director, Strategic Partnerships
Kathleen Eleanor Sullivan
Edwin O B Aalders — DNV
Evan Ard — Evolution Markets
Enric Arderiu — Serra Mercuria Energy Group
Berşan Aslan — CarbonBay
Michael John Avery — Carbon Finance Laboratory
Nuno Barbosa — Unicarbo Energia Biogas
Eron Bloomgarden — Emergent Forest Finance Accelerator
Michael Brennwald — Foundation for Climate Protection and Carbon Offset
Jean-Philippe Brisson — Latham & Watkins, LLP
David Cairns — Equinor ASA
Renata Campetti Amaral — Trench, Rossi e Watanabe Advogados
Jane Ellen Caskey — Norton Rose Fulbright LLP
Philippe Chauveau — Solvay
Sandeep Roy Choudhury — VNV Advisory Services
Mischa Classen — Foundation for Climate Protection and Carbon Offset
Neil Brian Cohn — Chia Network Inc.
Anthony Joseph Cottone — Carbon Finance Laboratory
Cornelis Johannes Hendrikus Cozijnsen — Climate Neutral Group
Michael Robert Oliver Curran — Vitol SA
Nick D’Alleva — CBL Markets
Paul Dawson — RWE
Cédric de Meeûs — Head, Group Public Affairs, Holcim
Gino de Villa — Hatch Ltd.
Federico Di Credico — ACT Commodities
Daniel S. Dowling — PricewaterhouseCoopers
Anna Katarzyna Dubowik — Negative Emissions Platform
Max DuBuisson — Indigo Ag
Nigel Dunn — Senior Vice President, British Petroleum Company
Leslie Durschinger — Terra Global Capital, LLC
Simon Eaves — CEO Accenture, UKI, Accenture
Tania El-Khoury — EDF Trading Limited
Arttu Emil Fiva — Equinor ASA
William Flederbach — ClimeCo
Magdalena García Mora — Acciona
Nicholas Brigg Gogerty — Carbon Finance Laboratory
Jonathan Robin Grant — Rio Tinto plc
Jonathan Grassiano — ACT Commodities
Alastair Handley — Radicle Group Inc
Scott Hernandez — CBL Markets
Ed Hewitt — Respira International
Vicki Hollub — Oxy
David Hone — Shell International Limited
Takashi Hongo — Mitsui & Co Global Strategic Studies Institute
Andrew Howard — Verra
Ahmed Idriss — Capital Power Corporation
Iyesogie Catherine Igiehon — Linklaters LLP
Marianne Jegonday — TotalEnergies
Eline Kajim — Rabobank
Edit Kiss — Mirova Natural Capital
Roman Kramarchuk — S&P Global Platts
Anne Lapierre — Norton Rose Fulbright
Alexandra Clare Liftman — Bank of America
Jeremy Ray Manion — Arbor Day Foundation
Graeme Martin — Pilot Company
Jonathan Eric Ockwell McGillivray — Resilient LLP
Thomas McMahon — AirCarbon Pte, Ltd.
Greg McNab — Baker & McKenzie LLP
Mathilde Mignot — EcoAct
Jonathan Mitchell — Suncor
Brian Thomas Moynihan — Bank of America
Julie Tamara Mulkerin — Chevron Corporation
Paz Nachón Lopez — Vertis Environmental Finance
Jesko Neuenburg — Accenture
Ken Newcombe — C-Quest Capital
Douglas Hunter Parks — Green Assets, Inc.
Ingrid Parramon — Vice President, British Petroleum Company
William Andres Pazos — ACX Exchange
Gerard George Pecht — Norton Rose Fulbright
Ana Milena Plata Fajardo — Biofix
Malavika Prasanna Venkatesan — Wildlife Works
Ingo Puhl — South Pole
Kishor Rajhansa — Gulf Organisation for Research and Development
Genevieve Resnick — Cool Effect
Justin Reynolds — Carbon Trade Exchange
Plínio Ribeiro — Biofílica Investimentos Ambientais
Philip Roche — Norton Rose Fulbright LLP
Natalia Rodrigo Vega — Allcot AG
Jimmy Rajdeo Sah — Infinite Solutions
Jeremy Seager — Verra
Joachim Sell — First Climate
Wayne Sharpe — Carbon Trade Exchange
Jonathan Shople — Natural Capital Partners
Jeffrey Swartz — Director, BP
Gavin Templeton — Pollination
Michiel ten Hoopen — ClearBlue Markets

December 15, 2018

Expressing frustration that negotiators at the COP24 U.N. climate conference in Katowice, Poland, had deferred finalization of carbon market rules until 2019, IETA CEO and president Dirk Forrister stated in a press release:

“If countries want to ramp up climate action, they must get more serious about international cooperation through market incentives. But we should not let this slow us down – we don’t have time to waste. While we wait for the rules to firm up, committed countries and businesses should team up to start building cooperative markets – and the rule writers can catch up later.”²⁰

December 7, 2018

At an IETA event organized outside of the UN’s COP24 climate summit in Katowice, Poland, Shell’s chief climate change advisor and IETA director, David Hone, claimed credit for the inclusion of Article 6 in the Paris Agreement. Article 6 pertains to the methods with which the hydrocarbon industry can claim to reduce emissions by buying credits from other companies.²¹

Speaking to reporters, Hones said:

“We have had a process running for four years for the need of carbon unit trading to be part of the Paris agreement. We can take some credit for the fact that Article 6 [of the Paris agreement] is even there at all. We put together a straw proposal. Many of the elements of that straw proposal appear in the Paris agreement. We put together another straw proposal for the rulebook, and we saw some of that appear in the text.”²² ²³

Hone also admitted that the oil and gas industry would prefer that emissions trading protocols be the only state-sanctioned instruments for GHG regulation:

“The ideal for a cap-and-trade system is to have no overlapping policies … if you really wanted it to work as effectively as it possibly could. But I’m being a bit idealistic there, I suspect.”²⁴

Responding to Hones’ revelations, Friends of the Earth International’s Sara Shaw said in a statement:

“We have a message for Shell and companies that pretend the solution to the climate catastrophe doesn’t demand the end of fossil fuels. To the Shell executives who got rich from the suffering of the Ogoni people and communities living on the front-lines of dirty energy and climate change impacts, we say you are the last gasp of a system on the way out. You are on the wrong side of history. We will not rest until you stop extracting fossil fuels and pay for the damage you have caused.”²⁵

December 9, 2014

IETA hosted a panel discussion at the COP20 U.N. climate negotiations in Lima, Peru, entitled “Linkage Among Climate Policies in the 2015 Paris Agreement.” The panel’s focus was “the role of carbon markets in the new Agreement. Panellists will discuss how the Paris agreement might facilitate or impede linkage among cap and trade, carbon tax, and non-market regulatory systems. Panellists will also address related issues involving market mechanisms in the new Agreement.”²⁶

2004

The International Emissions Trading Association co-founded the Carbon Expo, an annual carbon trading conference, since renamed Innovate4Climate. According to IETA, the event is “the largest and most authoritative gathering of carbon market stakeholders.”²⁷

Emissions Trading Association of Australia — A trade association that participated in founding IETA.²⁸
International Primary Aluminium Association — A trade association that participated in founding IETA.²⁹

Contact & Address

IETA listed the following contact information on its website as of March 2023:³⁰

GENEVA (Head Office):

Grand-Rue 11
CH-1204 Genève
Switzerland
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +41 22 737 05 00

BRUSSELS

Rue du Commerce / Handelsstraat 123
1000 Brussels, Belgium
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +32 2 893 02 39

WASHINGTON

1001 Pennsylvania Ave. NW
Suite 7117
Washington, D.C., 20004 USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +1 470 222 IETA (4382)

TORONTO
180 John Street
Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 1X5
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +1 416 500 4335

Note that as of January 2019, IETA had a different Toronto address:³¹

481 University Avenue, Suite 703
Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2E9

As of 2020, IETA had a different Geneva address:³²

24, rue Merle d’Aubigné
CH-1207 Genève
Switzerland

Other Resources

“International Emissions Trading Association” on Sourcewatch
“Polluting Paris: How Big Polluters are undermining global climate policy” report, Corporate Accountability, 2018
“Primer: IETA, Big Polluters, and the UNFCCC” report, Corporate Accountability, 2018

Resources

1
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
2
Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
3
“Our Members: Energy & Power Providers,” IETA.org. Archived July 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ns3Ea
4
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
5
“Our Members: Energy & Power Providers,” IETA.org. Archived July 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ns3Ea
6
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
7
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
8
“Our Principles,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.fo/dpFXR
9
Chloe Farand. “Inside the Tent: Big Polluters Work to Shape Paris Agreement Rules at the UN Climate Talks,” DeSmog UK, December 13, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/6Tv1m
10
Katie Aronoff. “Shell Oil Executive Boasts That His Company Influenced the Paris Agreement,” The Intercept, December 8, 2018. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/GP9jW
11
Mike Small. “Growing Pressure for Lobbying Transparency in Climate Talks,” DeSmog UK, April 30, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/waAqa
12
Mat Hope. “Meet the Fossil Fuel Lobbyists and Climate Science Deniers at the Marrakech COP22 Talks,” DeSmog UK, November 15, 2016. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/RxYns
13
Dirk Forrister. “Expectations for a Paris climate agreement & the role of carbon pricing,” The World Bank, April 13, 2015. (Video no longer available). Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/mRYO0. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
14
“Our Mission,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/wSUWu
15
“Our Members: Energy & Power Providers,” IETA.org. Archived July 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/ns3Ea
16
IETA Membership Application 2023, IETA.org. Archive March 8, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.is/wip/yjN2p
17
“Governance,” IETA.org. Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/Oenfc
18
“IETA Fellows,” IETA.org. Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/vTFUH
19
“Provisional list of registered participants” (PDF), UNFCCC, November 1, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
20
“Press Release – COP24 fails to deliver on mandate for carbon market cooperation,” IETA.org, December 15, 2018. Archived January 8, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/gnZXm
21
Kate Wheeling. “How Oil Companies Are Still Undermining the Paris Agreement,” Pacific Standard, December 11, 2018. Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/p4UIw
22
Kate Wheeling. “How Oil Companies Are Still Undermining the Paris Agreement,” Pacific Standard, December 11, 2018. Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/p4UIw
23
Katie Aronoff. “Shell Oil Executive Boasts That His Company Influenced the Paris Agreement,” The Intercept, December 8, 2018. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/GP9jW
24
Katie Aronoff. “Shell Oil Executive Boasts That His Company Influenced the Paris Agreement,” The Intercept, December 8, 2018. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/GP9jW
25
Anietie Akpan. “Environmentalists want Shell expelled from climate talks,” The Guardian, December 18, 2018. Archived January 7, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.vn/koDjY
26
Kyla Mandel. “Here’s What Amber Rudd Missed When She Didn’t go to the Lima Climate Talks Last Year,” DeSmog UK, November 5, 2015. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/Ig27E
27
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
28
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
29
“Our History,” IETA.org. Archived December 31, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/YOpN9
30
“CONTACT US,” IETA. Archived March 8, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/wi p /zZk63
31
“Contact Us,” IETA.org. Archived January 8, 2019. Archive.is URL: http://archive.ph/9KlXp
32
“CONTACT US,” IETA. Archived July 8, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/imuE3

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