Fred Palmer

Credentials

Palmer earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966 and Juris Doctorate with honors in 1969 from the University of Arizona. ¹

Background

Fredrick D. Palmer was the senior vice president of government relations for Peabody Energy Corporation from 2001 to June 2015, also serving on the Executive Leadership Team until 2014. Most recently he worked as Peabody’s Special Advisor to the Office of Peabody’s Executive Chairman before joining the public relations firm Total Spectrum/Steve Gordon and Associates in January, 2016. In welcoming him to the team, Spectrum congratulated Palmer for a career where he “has excelled in coal, public policy and advocacy.” Fred Palmer was also a lobbyist for Peabody between 2005 and 2015 according to public lobbying disclosures.² ³ ⁴ ⁵

In early 2017, the Heartland Institute announced that Palmer would also be joining them as a senior fellow on energy and climate. In his role at the Heartland Institute, Fred Palmer promises to espouse “the positive effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 content on the biosphere” as well as emphasize “importance of fossil fuel energy to our quality of life.” The Heartland Institute has a long history of climate change denial and support for the fossil fuel industry and is known for its regular International Conference on Climate Change (ICCC) where prominent climate change deniers gather to promote the idea that a debate still exists on the science behind man-made climate change.⁶

Before beginning his career at Peabody Energy, Palmer spent 15 years as the CEO and General Counsel of the Western Fuels Association (WFA), a coalition of coal-burning utilities that has long-worked to prevent attempts to regulate the coal industry to reduce fossil fuel emissions. He represented WFA on the board of directors of the National Mining Association where he served as chair of the Legal Affairs Committee, a position where he fought against limits in fossil fuel use in the U.S. In the early 1990s, Palmer also headed a WFA effort to send targeted messages to farmers and legislators, suggesting doubt existed on the effect of carbon dioxide on global warming.⁷

Greening Earth Society (GES)

Palmer was a past director of the now-defunct Greening Earth Society (GES), a front group that was controlled by the Western Fuels Association. GES had the stated mission of “advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use.” The group’s “scientific advisors” featured a range of well-known industry-funded deniers such as Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon.⁸

According to a November, 1998 report by the Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research (CLEAR) examining the Greening Earth Society and its related entities, Fred Palmer claimed he created the GES because the coal industry was “waging an uphill battle against a well-funded environmental lobby that has coalesced around the scientifically unproven notion the earth may warm to cataclysmic proportions in the next century.”⁹ ¹⁰

The CLEAR report notes that Greening Earth Society and Western Fuels “are essentially the same organization.” Both are located at the same office suite in Arlington, VA. They share Fred Palmer as leadership, several WFA board members serve as the board for GES, and they have the same “manager of communications and governmental affairs,” Both Ned Leonard and Fred Palmer served as registered lobbyists for Western Fuels Association at the time.¹¹ ¹²

Informational Council for the Environment (ICE)

Palmer’s work with the Western Fuels Association goes all the way back to 1991, when he served as Vice President to the Informational Council for the Environment (ICE), a small coalition of US coal companies that devised a detailed PR campaign to show that “evidence that the earth is warming is weak” and that proof that carbon dioxide was the primary cause was “non existent.”¹³

ICE’s President was Gale Klappa of the Southern Company and its “Science Advisory Panel” included prominent climate change skeptics Robert C. Balling, Jr., Sherwood B. Idso, and Patrick J. Michaels. As part of the group’s plan to “reposition global warming as theory (not fact),” ICE proposed a number of advertising headlines such as:¹⁴

“The most serious problem with catastrophic global warming is– it may not be true.”

“If the earth is getting warmer, why is Minneapolis getting colder?”

“Who told you the earth was warming… Chicken Little?”

“Some say the earth is warming. Some also said the earth was flat.”

The ICE program was discontinued after getting press coverage in a trade paper, The Energy Daily, as well as by The National Journal, The Arizona Republic and The New York Times.¹⁵ Palmer has claimed that he disbanded ICE after becoming dissatisified with its PR approach.

Nevertheless, Palmer of Western Fuels said in a 1999 letter: “It’s unfortunate that ICE did not go forward” since the campaign did provoke a “dramatic turnaround in how people viewed the issue of global warming” before its demise.¹⁶

View additional ICE documents and print ads here.¹⁷

According to documents obtained by environmental group Ozone Action and journalist Ross Gelbspan, ICE messaging strategies included targeting “older, less educated males from larger households who are not typically active information seekers” and “younger, lower income women.”¹⁸ ¹⁹

Gale Klappa & ICE

A 2015 report by the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), The Climate Deception Dossiers, outlined some 85 internal company and trade association documents with details on how ICE had worked to guide the public’s views on climate change.²⁰

Another report at the Energy & Policy Institute detailed the role of Gale Klappa, whose role was not highlighted in the UCS report. Gale E. Klappa was then vice president at Southern Company, and current non-executive Chairman of Wisconsin Energy Corporation and now retired CEO of We Energies.²¹ ²² ²³

Back in 1991, Klappa was interviewed in a the New York Times article regarding the leaked ICE documents, saying: ²⁴ ²⁵

“Those who are predicting catastrophe have been very effective at getting their message across in national media, and in so-called ‘public service’ announcements. But there is another viewpoint, a substantial viewpoint from a body of reputable scientists, and that viewpoint has really not been made available to a large majority,” Klappa told The New York Times in a telephone interview.²⁶

Amy Jahns, Media Relations Specialist at We Energies, responded to Energy & Policy Institute writer Matt Kasper on how Klappa became involved in ICE. “Gale Klappa served as president of the ICE board more than 25 years ago,” she said, going on to present Wisconsin Energy’s emission control investments and reductions.²⁷

Fred Palmer reported that he had been initially approached by Gale Klappa, then of Southern Company, and Fred Lukens, of Minnkota Power regarding what would become ICE. Palmer recalled in an interview with DeSmog:²⁸

“I went to my board not long after the Hansen presentation, probably in 1990, and I said, you know, these coal plants have the most CO2 coming out of them than anywhere else. It was the top of the food chain, I called it. The board agreed. The board said I could go on the ICE board, so I did.”²⁹

Palmer said he quickly became “dissatisfied” with the approach of ICE. “I didn’t think it was a PR issue. I thought it was a scientific educational issue,” he said.

“I have always been about education, but I was chair (of ICE) and […] I looked at it and I said ‘I don’t like this’ and so we got out of ICE and it was abandoned and Western Fuels started the Greening Earth Society.”³⁰

Stance on Climate Change

March 2015

Fred Palmer is one of the authors of a Peabody Energy submission to the White House (PDF) arguing that greenhouse gasses are a “non-existent harm” and a “benign gas that is essential to all life:” ³¹

The document declares: ³²

“While the benefits of carbon dioxide are proven, the alleged risks of climate change are contrary to observed data, are based on admitted speculation, and lack adequate scientific basis,” the document reads.

2000

In an PBS Frontline Interview (undated, but probably taking place around 2000), Palmer outlined some of his views on climate change:³³

“[T]he science to me–and I have been involved, not as a scientist but as a lawyer–the science to me suggests, in the ten years I’ve been involved in it, that there is no basis, no mechanism that anybody can point to or look at to say that more CO2 in the air is going to lead to catastrophic global warming or apocalyptic global warming, as opposed to some mild warming, which is nothing to be concerned about at all. So I would concede that reasonable people are concerned, but to me the concerns are speculation and not based on observations or on any scientific mechanism that they can point to. “

December 1998

In a 1998 piece at the Population Research Institute, Palmer reiterates the common myth that climate has changed before, hence man-made climate change need not be worried about (he goes on to cite climate change deniers Sallie Baliunas, Richard Lindzen, Robert Balling, Roy W. Spencer, and Patrick J. Michaels in his defense):³⁴ ³⁵

“The Vice President is correct when he intones that ‘the greenhouse effect,’ is real. Greenhouse gases in our atmosphere (primarily water vapor) make life on earth possible. They act as a thermal blanket, trapping heat radiated by the sun before it is re-radiated from earth’s surface back into space. ‘The greenhouse effect’ is not the issue.

What about ‘global warming?’ What matters is the degree and rate of change. There have been times on earth when it has been much warmer than today, and times when it’s been much colder. The latter are called ice ages. One of the former is called ‘The Climate Optimum.’ It was a time of higher average global temperature and high CO2.”

Palmer concludes, “So, the global warming issue is not about the reality of the greenhouse effect, or CO, as a pollutant. It lacks a foundation in scientific observation or empiricism.”

He goes on to cite the Western Fuels Association video, The Greening of Planet Earth which emphases the “less understood and under-appreciated” benefits of “rising CO2, and its potential for helping feed a hungry world.”³⁶

October 1998

Writing in a report commissioned by the National Mining Association with the stated goal of evaluating the EPA’s authority to regulate CO2 emissions, Palmer declares:³⁷

“[T’he evidence does not show that the increase in CO2 levels attributed to human activity is responsible for a measured rise in global temperature, or, for that matter, that a warmer climate, if it did occur, poses the threat of an environmental catastrophe.”

Key Quotes

January 31, 2018

Following President Donald Trump‘s State of the Union Address, Palmer said in a statement:³⁸

“President Trump’s State of the Union Address was a five star performance last night across the board, and his energy comments were oxygen in the room after eight years of deficiency under President Obama. In Obama’s second term, he and the Democratic Party decided Americans would not be able to use fossil fuels at all after 2050. By doing so, they stifled an economy the Trump administration has turned loose, benefitting all Americans. President Trump is on the path to becoming a great president because he embraces the fulsome use of fossil fuels, including ‘beautiful, clean coal’. Thank you, Mr. President.”

December 2, 2017

“Coal is not dirty. Coal is green. And I say that because coal is electricity, and electricity at the point of use is the cleanest, most efficient form of energy,” Palmer said at the Heartland Institute’s America First energy conference. “Coal is green. It is not dirty, because of electrification. CO2 is a benign gas required for life on Earth and is not dirty.”³⁹

He concluded:

“It’s not dirty; it’s green. It’s electricity. Electricity is life. Coal is life.”⁴⁰

October 9, 2017

Following EPA administrator Scott Pruitt‘s announcement that the Trump administration would be scrapping the Clean Power Plan, Palmer issued the following statement via the Heartland Institute:⁴¹

“The 2015 Clean Power Plan was one of President Barack Obama’s signature efforts to eliminate coal-based electricity. Administrator Scott Pruitt’s announcement that the Environmental Protection Agency will pull back the Clean Power Plan is fantastic news for all Americans. Our society has enjoyed success because of its past commitment to free-market economics and fossil fuels, not in spite of them.

“The ‘regulate CO2’ push will focus ‘inside the fence’ on existing plants by trying to force the use of very expensive technology, but CO2 is a benign gas required for life on Earth, so there would be no commensurate environmental improvement under any CO2 regulatory regime.”⁴²

January 2017

Speaking with DeSmog’s Graham Readfearn in an interview, Fred Palmer described burning fossil fuels as being part of a “divine plan”:⁴³

“It’s hard not to concede that coal hasn’t been put on Earth and other fossil fuels as part of a divine plan,” Palmer said.⁴⁴

On global warming, Palmer declared:⁴⁵

“There are no observations that we have been having catastrophic global warming — it’s sophistry. […]”⁴⁶

May 2015

In a presentation to Peabody Energy titled “A Message for COP21,” Fred Palmer advocates for “clean coal”:⁴⁷

“Clean coal offers the technology path forward to achieve our goals for human development and environmental improvement.”

March 2011

In an interview with The Guardian, Fred Palmer declared:⁴⁸

“We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere. All the time.”

“We don’t have a political allegiance,” he said. “We’re Americans and our political party is coal.”

Discussing whether renewables were impacting coal use, Palmer said:⁴⁹

“There are billions of people on earth who don’t have any electricity at all and a couple billion people who don’t have adequate access to electricity. The thing that people don’t understand about energy is scale. You can make it with a windmill, or solar, or biomass, but you can’t do without coal. It’s just maths: more people living longer, living better. It’s not complicated.”

Asked about whether Peabody would question the science of climate change, Palmer said “I’m no there to talk about the science. I would agree, though, that we do disagree with the EPA’s endangerment findings.” He went on to cite the debunked ClimateGate as a reason for doubting the science:⁵⁰

“The EPA has to follow the law and it has to follow the facts. And it relied on facts that were thrown into question by the hacked climate science emails. So we asked for a re-opening of the docket for them to consider the emails. The EPA didn’t do that. We didn’t say that ‘Climategate’ establishes this, or establishes that. What it says is that it casts doubt on your fact-finding.”

October, 2009

The Huffington Post reports that Fred Palmer defended the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s policy-making process in the wake of criticism by Nike, which left the Chamber’s board of directors. Palmer spoke with The New York Times’ Greenwire:⁵¹,⁵²

“I have never seen an instance where there has been an effort to limit debate and discussion,” said Fred Palmer who was also a member of the Chamber’s Board of Directors. “To the extent people feel their voice is not being heard at the chamber, it’s not the chamber’s fault.”

2000 (Approx.)

Fred Palmer was featured in an PBS interview on global warming:⁵³

“We are at the top of the food chain insofar as CO2 emissions are concerned. So if you get in the business of limiting CO2 emissions, of taxing CO2 emissions, of creating a value in CO2 emissions where people trade them in this emissions trading scheme, you go to the coal plants first because of the fact that that’s the greatest source –single source–of CO2 that there is.”

“[T]he science to me–and I have been involved, not as a scientist but as a lawyer–the science to me suggests, in the ten years I’ve been involved in it, that there is no basis, no mechanism that anybody can point to or look at to say that more CO2 in the air is going to lead to catastrophic global warming or apocalyptic global warming, as opposed to some mild warming, which is nothing to be concerned about at all.”

“[T]he precautionary principle might say that we should put more CO2 in the air to prevent CO2 levels from being driven down to such low levels in the future by an ice age that it extinguishes plant life. And there are scientists that believe this.”

December 1, 1998

Fred Palmer wrote an article in the Population Research Institute’s PRI Review (v9, n1) titled ”So, what about this global warming?” In his opinion piece, Palmer promotes the fuels of the Western Fuels Association.⁵⁴

“Carbon dioxide is no pollutant; it is the foundation of life on earth,” Palmer writes. Describing his work with the Western Fuels Association, Palmer says “We work in the public interest from end-to-end.”

In the same piece, Palmer declares that we should shift our focus from combatting climate change to working to address poverty:⁵⁵

“Who are we to deny them [the poor] the ability to lift themselves up by effective harnessing of God’s creation in fossil fuels, as we have been able to do, or to arbitrarily and artificially constrain their numbers?” Palmer asks. “This question, fundamentally, is the substance of climate change issue before the United Nations.”

1997

Fred Palmer was quoted in a 1997 documentary titled “Staking the Globe- The Energy War is on!” by Danish journalists Poul Erik Heilbuth and Hans Bulow, Palmer said emitting carbon dioxide was “Doing God’s Work”:⁵⁶

“You’re doing God’s work. Every time you turn your car on, and you burn fossil fuels, and you put CO2 in the air, you’re doing the work of the lord. Absolutely. That’s the system, the ecological system we live in.”

In a 2011 interview at The Guardian, Leo Hickman asked Palmer whether he had said the above quote. Palmer responded:⁵⁷

“Look, I don’t know. I’m in a lot of books from the 1990s from those coal advocacy days. Whatever people have said, they’ve said. I’m not going to go there. I don’t know the reference or the context.”

Key Deeds

January 13, 2020

Palmer published an article at the coal mining industry publication CoalZoom describing a plan to form a new group called “Saving US Coal.” The Saving US Coal Campaign is a partnership between CoalZoom and Craig Idso’s Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change (CSCDGC/CO2 Science) with donations being funneled through CSCDGC.⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰

“’Saving US Coal’ has been created to be the vehicle for turning the tide for the full acceptance of coal in the US energy market by undertaking a campaign to repeal CO2 Endangerment at EPA. That requires a compelling EPA filing, of course, one that proves the benign and beneficial nature of more CO2 in the air based on the incredible work that Craig Idso has carried on for his Dad, Sherwood Idso and mentor, Sylvan Wittwer. However, it also requires creation of a coal coalition, like the Climate council quoted above, and the make-up of that coalition can be learned from coal’s past,” Palmer wrote.⁶¹

He envisions the group to be a modern equivalent to CEED (the Center for Energy and Economic Development), a coal industry group created to fight against CO2 emissions standards. As Palmer described it:⁶²

“In 1992, CEED was formed to meet the challenge to coal plants due to coal combustion and its CO2 profile and engage at the state level.”

… .

“CEED was successful in the 90s and the approach used then can inform for today. Coal’s challenge today at the state level is much more serious than it was in 1992, for the simple reason that the great investor owned utilities in CEED have switched sides and they own the regulated coal plants. But the CEED model never depended on the nature of CEED’s members, it depended and depends on defending CO2 in defense of Coal. ‘Saving US Coal’ is the only entity that can do this today and its leaders were engaged directly in the 90s with CEED and succeeding years. ‘Saving US Coal’ can perform the same function today as CEED did then in a virtual way.”⁶³

Palmer envisions CO2 proponent Craig Idso taking a key role in the new group by promoting benefits of CO2:⁶⁴

“Once filed at EPA, ‘Saving US Coal’ will engage virtually at the state level with regulators directly and through NARUC to educate on the benefits of CO2 to the biosphere and the human environment. At the same time Craig will develop additional, original research showing the truth of CO2 which will be distributed as generated to the regulators. By doing so, coal suppliers can then engage directly with the regulators with challenges to the announced closures; rep-opening previous announcements where the plants are still operating is not out of the question.”⁶⁵

He also makes recommendations on coal industry groups that could be encouraged to join the pro-coal coalition:⁶⁶

“Today, there are groups sitting right in front of us and ready to go in coalition, I believe. These include:⁶⁷

Count on Coal through NMA

Friends of Coal in West Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Pennsylvania

RMCMI in Colorado

The American Coal Council

The state coal associations, a very powerful and overlooked resource

Trade press”

Palmer first joined CoalZoom along with Craig Idso, in coordination with Bill Reid, in December 2019 to focus on the initiative with “the ultimate deliverable: repealing the EPA CO2 Endangerment Finding highlighting coal use as the vehicle and Champion that it is and will be.”⁶⁸

November 13, 2018

Palmer joined forces with JunkScience.com’s Steve Milloy to create an activist shareholder group called Burn More Coal, established for the purpose of preventing the closure of coal-fired power plants. BMC’s motto includes the phrase, “Coal is Life.”⁶⁹

The group filed a shareholder proposal with Duke Energy demanding an economic justification for the planned decommissioning of some of Dukes coal plants:

“What will be the actual benefit to anyone or anything of it? Global CO2 emissions are higher now than ever and increasing.”⁷⁰

The move came as Duke plans to retire 14 coal plants by 2020 to comply with federal and state environmental regulations and under pressure from low natural gas prices and increasing demand for renewable energy.⁷¹

In an interview with The Daily Caller, Palmer said:

“There is a cabal in the utility industry that wants to decarbonize independent of federal policy. It’s as if Al Gore were running the utility industry.”⁷²

August 7, 2018

Palmer spoke at the Heartland Institute‘s “America First Energy Conference” (AFEC 2018) in New Orleans, Louisiana.⁷³

“The purpose of this event is to promote and expand energy freedom in the United States, as outlined in President Donald Trump’s bold America First Energy Plan, a proposal first released during the 2016 presidential campaign. The president’s plan marks a decisive change in direction from the Obama administration’s ‘war on fossil fuels’ and focus on the theory of catastrophic man-caused climate change,” the conference description reads.⁷⁴

Palmer spoke on a panel titled “The Future of Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas.”⁷⁵

December 23, 2017

Fred Palmer’s daughter, Downey Magallanes, worked closely with Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke during the controversial review of 27 national monuments. She was Zinke’s deputy chief of staff for policy at the time.⁷⁶

According to Magallanes’ calendar, she had several one-on-one meetings with Zinke in the days leading up to Zinke submitting the draft report to the White House.⁷⁷

The final version of the report called for shrinking or weakening protections on 10 national monuments. The release of the final document came one day after Trump and Zinke traveled to Utah where they announced the dismantling of two of the state’s national monuments.⁷⁸ ⁷⁹ ⁸⁰

The boundary of the 1.35 million acre Bears Ears National Monument would shrink by about 85 percent, while the 1.87 million-acre Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, the largest land national monument in the country, would be cut roughly in half. The Heartland Institute, where Fred Palmer is a policy advisor, rejoiced at Trump’s decision.⁸¹ ⁸²

December 7, 2017

Palmer spoke on a panel, presenting “Coal Is Life” at the America First Energy Conference hosted by The Heartland Institute.⁸³

“Coal is not dirty. Coal is green. And I say that because coal is electricity, and electricity at the point of use is the cleanest, most efficient form of energy,” Palmer said. He reiterated, “Coal is green. It is not dirty, because of electrification. CO2 is a benign gas required for life on Earth and is not dirty.”

“CO2 is implicated in this because of the endangerment finding which has to go, period,” Palmer added, pointing to Heartland studies authored by research fellow Isaac Orr. “Every day that goes by that endangerment’s in place, American society is at risk” and that “if we go down this path that we’ve been on, our rates will be what they are in California.”⁸⁴

Palmer concluded by asking for donations to push out the reports:

“Political outcomes matter a bunch. Praise the Lord that we have Donald Trump in the Whitehouse, absolutely. We need to support this agenda, but we need to do it in a pro-people way, not in a hostile way, not in an angry way. But to put out business fact and show to the American people why coal is so important. It’s not dirty; it’s green. It’s electricity. Electricity is life. Coal is life.”

November 9, 2017

Fred Palmer promoted the Heartland Institute’s “America First Energy Conference,” according to a fundraising letter obtained by DeSmog. Palmer also moderated a panel on “The Future of Coal” at the conference on Thursday, November 9, 2017, at the J.W. Marriott Galleria Hotel in Houston, Texas.⁸⁵ ⁸⁶

Speakers on the panel included Health Lovell of Alliance Coal and Bernard Weinstein of Southern Methodist University:

According to Palmer’s fundraising letter, the conference planned to “review the scientific and economic evidence that exposes the fraud inherent in the Obama-era regulation regime” while discussing “the overwhelming benefits of fossil fuels to us all.”⁸⁷

“In particular, we are inviting state legislators, think tank leaders, energy executives, Trump administration political appointees and staff, and policy analysts who write and speak on environment and energy topics,” Palmer said in the letter.⁸⁸

Listed “VIP speakers” included Deputy Interior Secretary David Bernhardt, Joe Craft, CEO of Alliance Resource Partners and Louisiana Attorney General Jeff Landry.⁸⁹

As reported at the Houston Chronicle, speakers notably included two Trump Administration officials: Richard W. Westerdale II of the State Department and Vincent DeVito of the Department of Interior. David Bernhardt, deputy secretary of the Interior Department, was also formerly listed as a Heartland conference speaker, but apparently withdrew.⁹⁰

Scott Pruitt also addressed the conference in a recorded video, personally thanking Heartland for “what you’re doing to advance energy” and “for what you’re doing to advance natural resources.⁹¹

The Climate Investigations Center put up a parody of the America First Energy conference website, complete with profiles on the individual speakers and highlighting their corporate funding and ties to groups such as the Cooler Heads Coalition (CHC).⁹²

Other speakers include many of the climate change deniers who regularly speak at Heartland’s ICCCs including Joe Bast, Roger Bezdek, H. Sterling Burnett, Hal Doiron, Paul Driessen, John Dale Dunn, Myron Ebell, Heartland’s new President Tim Huelskamp, Craig Idso, David Legates, Jay Lehr, Anthony Lupo, Ross McKitrick, Steve Milloy, Todd Myers, John Nothdurt, David Schnare, and numerous others.⁹³

October 12, 2017

Palmer commented on President Donald Trump‘s appointment of Kathleen Hartnett-White as chair of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), pending approval. Palmer was quoted in a October 13 Heartland Institute newsletter:⁹⁴

“The nomination of Kathleen Hartnett White as chair of the Council on Environmental Quality is great news for the American people. The CEQ role over the years has been significant in leading the way on environmental issues under the National Environmental Policy Act in its advisory capacity to the president and to all federal agencies.[JH1] Under the Obama administration, CEQ was used as a vehicle to eliminate the use of fossil fuels. Those days are over. The White nomination to this crucial post illustrates the seriousness of President Trump and his administration in moving the needle in favor of the American people and against radical environmentalism,” Palmer said.⁹⁵

Hartnett-White has a history of representing fossil fuel interests. During her tenure as chair of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), appointed by then-governor Rick Perry, the TCEQ was found to “not consistently ensure violators are held accountable.” According to a 2003 Texas State Audit, polluters “often have economic benefits that exceed their penalties, which could reduce their incentive to comply.”⁹⁶

As head of the CEQ, Hartnett-White would be in charge of coordinating interagency science, climate, and environmental policy and oversee things such as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) review process and agency compliance with that law.⁹⁷

“Though CEQ oversees the NEPA process, it remains unclear how seriously Hartnett-White will take the NEPA review process, for decades seen as a bedrock of U.S. environmental regulation since NEPA became law in 1970,” DeSmog’s Steve Horn reported.⁹⁸

January 29, 2017

DeSmogBlog interviewed Fred Palmer. During the interview, Palmer defended the Heartland Institute where he had recently joined as a senior fellow. Where many question fossil fuel funding as a potential source for conflicts of interest, Palmer had no such worries:⁹⁹

“Maybe they do [despise that kind of activity]. But they don’t understand life and they don’t understand advocacy. I can’t help that […] I am reaching out to the fossil fuel community right now and raising money for Heartland,” he said. “Of course that’s acceptable.”¹⁰⁰

Back in 1997, Palmer had described how adding CO2 to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels was part of “doing the work of the Lord.” Speaking with DeSmog, his views seem to have remained much the same:¹⁰¹

“It’s hard not to concede that coal hasn’t been put on Earth and other fossil fuels as part of a divine plan. Because it’s easy to get to, it’s here and more people live better and longer from it, I believe that. I’m not terribly religious but I’m a believer in Christ and all of those things. But I’m relaxed about it.”¹⁰²

Readfearn noted that Palmer’s views on climate change hadn’t changed much since the 1990s:¹⁰³

“There are no observations that we have been having catastrophic global warming — it’s sophistry,” Palmer declared in the interview. “It’s an agenda driven by lawyers who make their own facts and make up their own laws and that was called the Obama administration. [Former vice president Al] Gore would have been the same way if he had been in power.”¹⁰⁴

Speaking on the Trump presidency, Palmer had great hopes of it being “an historical presidency”:¹⁰⁵

“I have been in and around Washington, D.C a long time. It’s an exciting time in our development and I think Donald Trump will succeed,” said Palmer. “This town still doesn’t. We are going to have eight years of Donald Trump and then eight years of President Pence so get ready. Then tell me what D.C. looks like after that period.” ¹⁰⁶

November 2015

Writing at Brink News, Fred Palmer claims that COP21’s policymakers need to focus on propelling new coal technologies as opposed to relying on renewables:¹⁰⁷

“Climate goals and economic growth will likely not be met without equitable governmental support for advanced coal technologies such as CCUS [carbon capture, utilization and storage],” Palmer writes.

“If the world is to achieve CO2 emission goals, wherever they are set, the key approach cannot be attempting to replace fossil fuels, but rather addressing the CO2 emissions from the use of them. COP21 conferees should acknowledge the foundational role coal will continue to play in the world’s energy mix and take action to assure technologies will be developed and deployed to keep emissions in line with climate action goals.”

March 24, 2015

Fred Palmer, serving as Senior Vice President of Government Relations at Peabody Energy, is listed as one of the authors in a Peabody Energy submission to the White House (PDF) arguing that greenhouse gasses are a “non-existent harm” and a “benign gas that is essential to all life:”¹⁰⁸

“While the benefits of carbon dioxide are proven, the alleged risks of climate change are contrary to observed data, are based on admitted speculation, and lack adequate scientific basis,” reads the document’s introduction.

DeSmog investigated the submission and found that of the 304 footnote citations in the Peabody document, opinion articles published in media outlets, primarily the Wall Street Journal, were cited as supporting evidence 41 times and groups with historical ties to the fossil fuel industry such as the Cato Institute, American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity and the Global Warming Policy Foundation were cited 64 times. ¹⁰⁹

August 21, 2014

Fred Palmer addressed an industry gathering in St. Louis, speaking of the EPA’s Clean Power Plan and how they, Peabody and others in the energy industry, would “win”:¹¹⁰

“We have to win this argument on the merits,” Palmer said. “To win means to advance the use of the resource through the use of technology, and to stress what these policies will do to the middle class and the people of lesser means. You just can’t do that to people.”

According to Palmer, there are “well-funded” groups trying to put Peabody Energy out of business through emissions legislation:¹¹¹

“There is a well-funded group out there that is pushing this agenda […] that want to get into your pocketbooks,” said Palmer. “They want to sell you the high-priced spread, and to do that, they’ve got to take out (Ameren Missouri’s) power plants, and they have to get people to quit using my product.”

July 29, 2014

Fred Palmer delivered Peabody Energy’s official response to new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules. In his EPA hearing testimony, Palmer opposes emissions reductions that would deal with what he dismisses as “climate theory.”¹¹²

“Peabody has a profound disagreement with EPA’s approach on carbon under the Clean Air Act. We are opposed to any proposal that would punish electricity consumers, have no material benefit under climate theory and act outside the bounds of the law,” Palmer wrote in his testimony. “This proposal must be withdrawn.”

Palmer writes that “EPA’s proposal is symbolic at best and would have no significant benefit under climate theory,” claiming that even shutting down all of America’s coal plants “would result in a 1/20th of one degree temperature change.” He goes on to propose an alternative of investment in research and development, including carbon capture, as an alternative to emissions reductions.

The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) published a post that debunks Fred Palmer’s claims, point-by-point. Some key excerpts below:¹¹³

Fred Palmer’s Claim #1: “Using coal for electricity enables people to live longer and better and drives the lowest U.S. electricity costs for any major fuel,” while EPA’s proposed power plan “would endanger human health and welfare by making electricity—one of life’s necessities—scarce and expensive.”

NRDC Response #1: “In fact, because money-saving energy efficiency is a central strategy under EPA’s emissions reduction plan, EPA projects that the average American household’s electric bill will go down, not up. […] And while electricity improves our lives, getting electricity from coal cuts thousands of lives short every year.”

Fred Palmer’s Claim #2: “[P]erhaps the most extreme and disturbing example’ of what might happen to the country, Palmer’s testimony continued, “is California, a state the EPA lauds as its energy model.” “California has exacerbated energy inequality and turned away business based on high renewable [energy] mandates and energy taxes,” Palmer claimed. “California power prices are 40 percent higher than the U.S. average. Businesses are exiting at a 3:1 ratio, and 700,000 manufacturing jobs have been lost since 2000. Is this really our model?” Palmer asked.

NRDC Response #2: “California’s electricity costs slightly more per kilowatt hour than the national average. But residential and industrial electricity bills — what customers actually pay each month —are well below the national average. […] It’s true that California lost 700,000 manufacturing jobs, but that’s in line with the 6 million manufacturing jobs the whole country lost between 2000 and 2009, according to the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics – since one out of eight Americans lives in California, the manufacturing job trend there pretty much mirrors the national trend.”

Fred Palmer’s Claim #3: Palmer worried of the impact of EPA’s standards on the “record 115 million Americans [who] qualify for energy assistance and 48 million Americans [who] live in poverty.”

NRDC Response #3: NRDC checked with experts on whether Peabody Energy had ever lobbied on behalf of the low-income energy assistance program called LIHEAP or the federal weatherization program. “I don’t think they see LIHEAP or Weatherization as central to their mission,” said Mark Wolfe, executive director of the National Energy Assistance Directors’ Association, which pushes for energy assistance programs. “There’s no evidence of oil companies or coal companies trying to keep LIHEAP or Weatherization going,” said Wolfe, who called Palmer’s assertion about EPA’s standards and poor people’s energy prices “tortured.”

While Palmer did not declare them at the hearing, NRDC also debunked some of Palmer’s other frequent claims for the benefits of coal, including the idea that crops would grow better with more CO2 emissions (a view Palmer promoted during his time at the Western Fuels Association). They also look at Palmer’s claim that coal is the best answer for energy needs in developing countries, a strategy that the NRDC says is “a recipe for the choking, blinding air pollution that afflicts mega-cities like Beijing and Delhi, cutting years off millions of people’s lives.”¹¹⁴

January 4, 2000

As reported in a 1998 Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research (CLEAR) report (PDF), The Greening Earth Society issued a Press Release announced a merger of Environment News, formerly a Heartland Institute publication, with World Climate Report, a biweekly newsletter funded by Greening Earth Society and Published by New Hope Environmental Services.¹¹⁵

The merger was co-announced by the Greening Earth society and The Heartland Institute (the original publisher of Environment News since it launched in June, 1997).

“This agreement enables us to deliver the latest science and commentary on the global climate change issue to thousands of additional people,” said Fred Palmer, president of Greening Earth Society.

“Most Americans don’t realize that the scientific community has grave doubts about whether human activities cause ‘global warming’ and what the proper course of action should be. We’re making up for the poor job that television stations and newspapers have done conveying the truth about the global temperature record and the benefits of rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (C02).”¹¹⁶

December 1998

In a 1998 piece at the Population Research Institute, Palmer reiterates the common myth that climate has changed before.

“What about ‘global warming?’ What matters is the degree and rate of change. There have been times on earth when it has been much warmer than today, and times when it’s been much colder. The latter are called ice ages. One of the former is called ‘The Climate Optimum.’ It was a time of higher average global temperature and high CO2.”

Palmer mentions the Western Fuels Association video, The Greening of Planet Earth which emphases the “less understood and under-appreciated” benefits of “rising CO2, and its potential for helping feed a hungry world.”¹¹⁷

“Who are we to deny them the ability to lift themselves up by effective harnessing of God’s creation in fossil fuels, as we have been able to do, or to arbitrarily and artificially constrain their numbers?” Palmer asks. “This question, fundamentally, is the substance of climate change issue before the United Nations.”

After citing prominent climate change deniers including Sallie Baliunas, Richard Lindzen, Robert Balling, Roy W. Spencer, and Patrick J. Michaels, Palmer concludes:

“So, the global warming issue is not about the reality of the greenhouse effect, or CO, as a pollutant. It lacks a foundation in scientific observation or empiricism.”

October 12, 1998

Fred palmer is a co-author of a report for the National Mining Association (NMA) with Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby titled “CO2: A Pollutant?” The report argues against the Kyoto Protocol and suggests that evidence does not exist for man-made climate change.¹¹⁸

According to the report’s preface, signed by Fred Palmer, “the evidence does not show that the increase in CO2 levels attributed to human activity is responsible for a measured rise in global temperature, or, for that matter, that a warmer climate, if it did occur, poses the threat of an environmental catastrophe.”

The report was requested by the National Mining Association in order to “evaluate EPA’s authority to regulate” CO2 emissions. “the Committee’s report and analysis […] concludes that, contrary to EPA’s claim, the agency lacks authority under the Clean Air Act to regulate carbon dioxide emissions.”¹¹⁹

September 23, 1998

The Greening Earth Society issued a press release announcing The Center’s new website. In the release, Fred Palmer, representing the Greening Earth Society said, “The Center’s viewpoint is a needed antidote to the misleading and usually erroneous scientific claims emanating from the Federal scientific establishment and adopted by leading politicians, such as Vice President A1 Gore.”¹²⁰

January 1998

According to news from Basin Electric, a Western Fuels Association member, Craig Idso produced a report, “The Greening of Planet Earth — Its Progression from Hypothesis to Theory,” in January 1998 for the Western Fuels Association. Fred Palmer said nearly 20,000 copies of that tape have been circulated “helping to ensure that this scientific work was not overlooked when countries considered climate change policy,” the undated Basin Electric news piece wrote.¹²¹

Fred Palmer also praised the Idsos for their work:¹²²

“They (Craig and Keith Idso) each are providing valuable service to the army of scientists at work in this important, though often overlooked, field of inquiry,” Palmer said.

1990s

Palmer, then working as a lobbyist for the Western Fuels Association (WFA) founded the Greening Earth Society (GES), which was one of the first industry groups to promote misinformation about climate change, reports The Guardian.¹²³

The the GES described itself as “a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use” and openly declared that the “bulk of our financial support comes from rural electric cooperatives, municipal electric utilities, and their fuel suppliers, including Western Fuels Association, Inc.”¹²⁴

In 1991, the Western Fuels Association launched another initiative titled the Informational Council on the Environment (ICE), a small coalition of US Coal companies that devised a detailed PR campaign to show that “evidence that the earth is warming is weak” and to suggest that evidence for CO2-caused warming was “non existent.” Palmer served as the Vice President of ICE, before the group was discontinued after receiving unwanted press coverage.¹²⁵

Affiliations

Other Resources

“Fred Palmer,” SourceWatch. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/1BVJt
“Fred Palmer,” Polluterwatch.

Resources

1
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
2
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
3
“Palmer, Fred” (Lobbying Disclosure Search), Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives. Search performed January 13, 2017. Archived .xlsx on file at DeSmog.
4
“PRESS RELEASE: FRED PALMER JOINS THE HEARTLAND INSTITUTE AS SENIOR FELLOW,” The Heartland Institute, January 9, 2017. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8T9MP
5
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
6
“PRESS RELEASE: FRED PALMER JOINS THE HEARTLAND INSTITUTE AS SENIOR FELLOW,” The Heartland Institute, January 9, 2017. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8T9MP
7
Karen Dillon and David Klepper. “Lots of cash behind coal plant clash,” The Kansas City Star (sub. required), March 30, 2008. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
8
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
9
“Scientist defends C02,” Coal Age, September, 1998. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
10
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
11
J. Valerie Steele. (1997). Washington Representatives, 1997: Who Does what for Whom in the Nation’s Capital. Columbia Books Incorporated. Retrieved from Google Books.
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“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
13
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
14
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
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“1991 Information Council for the Environment Public Relations Collection,” Contributed by Climate Investigations, Climate Investigations Center. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
18
Ross Gelbspan. (1998). The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-Up, the Prescription. Perseus Books Group; Updated edition.
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“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
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Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
22
“Gale E. Klappa,” WEC Energy Group. Archived April 1, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/E3IPI
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24
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
25
Matthew L. Wald. “Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea,” The New York Times, July 8, 1991. Archived April 1, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/otQY9
26
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
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Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
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29
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
30
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
31
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
32
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
33
“Interview: Fred Palmer,” PBS. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/89KWu
34
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
35
“What does past climate change tell us about global warming?” SkepticalScience. Accessed January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/eRYe4
36
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
37
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
38
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39
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
40
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
41
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO EPA SCRAPPING THE CLEAN POWER PLAN,” The Heartland Institute, October 9, 2017. Archived October 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/B9m3e
42
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO EPA SCRAPPING THE CLEAN POWER PLAN,” The Heartland Institute, October 9, 2017. Archived October 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/B9m3e
43
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
44
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
45
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
46
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
47
Fredrick D. Palmer. “A Message for COP21: Eradicate Energy Poverty By Improving the Human Environment” (PDF), Peabody Energy, May 18, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
48
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
49
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
50
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
51
“Climate Denier Defends the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,” The Huffington Post, October 21, 2009. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2MIZW
52
“’Hot Button’ Climate Issue Spotlights How U.S. Chamber Sets Policy,” The New York Times, October 6, 2009. Archived September 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2bJgF
53
“Interview: Fred Palmer,” PBS. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/89KWu
54
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
55
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
56
“Clean Coal Says ‘Emitting Carbon Dioxide = Doing God’s Work’,” YouTube video uploaded by user greenkert, Feb 22, 2009. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
57
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
58
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
59
“Saving US Coal,” CO2 Science. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ZBSIC
60
“Saving US Coal” (PDF), Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
61
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
62
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
63
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
64
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
65
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
66
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
67
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68
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Michael Bastasch. “Utility Shareholders Fight To Keep Us Coal Fleet From Disappearing,” The Daily Caller, November 13, 2018. Archived November 14, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/dDzlq
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73
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74
“About,” America First Energy Conference 2018. Archived July 23, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.fo/E4Gnt
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“FRED PALMER, J.D.,” America First Energy Conference 2018. Archived August 1, 2018. Archive URL: https://archive.fo/hsInI
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78
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79
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80
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83
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84
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
85
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
86
“FREDERICK PALMER,” America First Energy Conference. Archived November 21, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ksZk4
87
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
88
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
89
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
90
James Osborne. “Trump officials to appear at Houston event hosted by climate skeptics,” Houston Chronicle, November 2, 2017. Archived November 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XPtYc
91
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92
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93
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94
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95
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96
“An Audit Report on The Commission on Environmental Quality’s Enforcement and Permitting Functions for Selected Programs” (PDF), State Auditor’s Office, December 2003.
97
Steve Horn. “Trump Names Climate Denier Kathleen Hartnett-White to Head White House Environmental Council,” DeSmog, October 13, 2017.
98
Steve Horn. “Trump Names Climate Denier Kathleen Hartnett-White to Head White House Environmental Council,” DeSmog, October 13, 2017.
99
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
100
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
101
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
102
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
103
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
104
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
105
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
106
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
107
Fredrick D. Palmer. “Setting a Path for Coal in Climate Change Goals,” Brink News, November 30, 2015. Archived November 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/RvYAV
108
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
109
Kevin Grandia. “Peabody Energy to White House: Greenhouse Gas a ‘Non-Existent Harm‘,” DeSmog, July 14, 2015.
110
Ray McCarty. “Business leaders gather for discussion on the EPA’s ‘Clean Power Plan’,” Associated Industries of Missouri, August 21, 2014. Archived May 24, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/3iFSC
111
Ray McCarty. “Business leaders gather for discussion on the EPA’s ‘Clean Power Plan’,” Associated Industries of Missouri, August 21, 2014. Archived May 24, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/3iFSC
112
“Submitted Testimony by Fredrick D. Palmer Peabody Energy Senior Vice President of Government Relations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Power Plan Proposed Rule Washington, D.C” (PDF), Peabody Energy, July 29, 2014. Retrieved from Scribd. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
113
David Doniger. “Peabody’s Improbable History,” National Resources Defense Council, August 10, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XKShH
114
David Doniger. “Peabody’s Improbable History,” National Resources Defense Council, August 10, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XKShH
115
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
116
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
117
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
118
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
119
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
120
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
121
“Greening of the Planet Earth,” BasinElectric.com. Archived December 2, 1998. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fIX3N
122
“Greening of the Planet Earth,” BasinElectric.com. Archived December 2, 1998. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fIX3N
123
Suzanne Goldenberg. “The truth behind Peabody’s campaign to rebrand coal as a poverty cure,” The Guardian, May 19, 2015. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/A0kMg
124
“Join GES,” Greening Earth Society. Archived March 8, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8BURx
125
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
126
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
127
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
128
“Board of Directors,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Archived August 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/H3YzH
129
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
130
“NCC Leadership,” National Coal Council. Archived February 15, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/GpRqi
131
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
132
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
133
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
134
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
135
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
136
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
137
Fredrick D. Palmer. “Setting a Path for Coal in Climate Change Goals,” Brink News, November 30, 2015. Archived November 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/RvYAV
138
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
139
“Management Team,” Peabody Energy. Archived February 21, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/gtfxZ
140
“Organization and Structure,” FutureGen Alliance. Archived February 21, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0s4m2

1
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
2
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
3
“Palmer, Fred” (Lobbying Disclosure Search), Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives. Search performed January 13, 2017. Archived .xlsx on file at DeSmog.
4
“PRESS RELEASE: FRED PALMER JOINS THE HEARTLAND INSTITUTE AS SENIOR FELLOW,” The Heartland Institute, January 9, 2017. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8T9MP
5
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
6
“PRESS RELEASE: FRED PALMER JOINS THE HEARTLAND INSTITUTE AS SENIOR FELLOW,” The Heartland Institute, January 9, 2017. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8T9MP
7
Karen Dillon and David Klepper. “Lots of cash behind coal plant clash,” The Kansas City Star (sub. required), March 30, 2008. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
8
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
9
“Scientist defends C02,” Coal Age, September, 1998. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
10
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
11
J. Valerie Steele. (1997). Washington Representatives, 1997: Who Does what for Whom in the Nation’s Capital. Columbia Books Incorporated. Retrieved from Google Books.
12
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
13
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
14
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
15
“The Coal Industry’s ‘ICE’ Campaign (1999),” The Heat is Online. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zTZ8g
16
“The Coal Industry’s ‘ICE’ Campaign (1999),” The Heat is Online. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/zTZ8g
17
“1991 Information Council for the Environment Public Relations Collection,” Contributed by Climate Investigations, Climate Investigations Center. Retrieved from DocumentCloud. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
18
Ross Gelbspan. (1998). The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-Up, the Prescription. Perseus Books Group; Updated edition.
19
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
20
“The Climate Deception Dossiers (2015),” Union of Concerned Scientists, July 9, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/wC27p
21
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
22
“Gale E. Klappa,” WEC Energy Group. Archived April 1, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/E3IPI
23
“Chairman Gale Klappa stays atop We Energies’ parent-company pay,” Milwaukee Business Journal, March 24, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/V215a
24
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
25
Matthew L. Wald. “Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea,” The New York Times, July 8, 1991. Archived April 1, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/otQY9
26
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
27
Matt Kasper. “Wisconsin Energy Corp. CEO, Gale Klappa, President of Global Warming Misinformation Campaign Earlier In His Career,” Energy and Policy Institute, July 8, 2015.
28
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
29
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
30
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
31
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
32
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
33
“Interview: Fred Palmer,” PBS. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/89KWu
34
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
35
“What does past climate change tell us about global warming?” SkepticalScience. Accessed January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/eRYe4
36
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
37
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
38
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO PRESIDENT TRUMP’S STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS,” The Heartland Institute, January 31, 2018. Archived February 5, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/FeswS
39
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
40
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
41
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO EPA SCRAPPING THE CLEAN POWER PLAN,” The Heartland Institute, October 9, 2017. Archived October 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/B9m3e
42
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO EPA SCRAPPING THE CLEAN POWER PLAN,” The Heartland Institute, October 9, 2017. Archived October 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/B9m3e
43
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
44
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
45
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
46
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
47
Fredrick D. Palmer. “A Message for COP21: Eradicate Energy Poverty By Improving the Human Environment” (PDF), Peabody Energy, May 18, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
48
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
49
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
50
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
51
“Climate Denier Defends the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,” The Huffington Post, October 21, 2009. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2MIZW
52
“’Hot Button’ Climate Issue Spotlights How U.S. Chamber Sets Policy,” The New York Times, October 6, 2009. Archived September 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2bJgF
53
“Interview: Fred Palmer,” PBS. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/89KWu
54
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
55
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
56
“Clean Coal Says ‘Emitting Carbon Dioxide = Doing God’s Work’,” YouTube video uploaded by user greenkert, Feb 22, 2009. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
57
Leo Hickman. “Fred Palmer interview: ‘We’re 100% coal. More coal. Everywhere’,” The Guardian, March 8, 2011. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/YCqu1
58
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
59
“Saving US Coal,” CO2 Science. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ZBSIC
60
“Saving US Coal” (PDF), Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
61
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
62
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
63
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
64
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
65
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
66
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
67
Fred Palmer. “Saving US Coal – A Path Forward to Preserve the Existing Coal Fleet,” Coalzoom.com, January 13, 2020. Archived January 14, 2020. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/ERIm8
68
“Saving US Coal – Watch This PowerPoint,” CoalZoom, December 16, 2019. Archive.ph URL: https://archive.ph/nQDEA
69
Michael Bastasch. “Utility Shareholders Fight To Keep Us Coal Fleet From Disappearing,” The Daily Caller, November 13, 2018. Archived November 14, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/dDzlq
70
Michael Bastasch. “Utility Shareholders Fight To Keep Us Coal Fleet From Disappearing,” The Daily Caller, November 13, 2018. Archived November 14, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/dDzlq
71
Michael Bastasch. “Utility Shareholders Fight To Keep Us Coal Fleet From Disappearing,” The Daily Caller, November 13, 2018. Archived November 14, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/dDzlq
72
Michael Bastasch. “Utility Shareholders Fight To Keep Us Coal Fleet From Disappearing,” The Daily Caller, November 13, 2018. Archived November 14, 2018. Archive.is URL: http://archive.is/dDzlq
73
“Speakers,” America First Energy Conference 2018. Archived August 1, 2018. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/mwtga
74
“About,” America First Energy Conference 2018. Archived July 23, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.fo/E4Gnt
75
“FRED PALMER, J.D.,” America First Energy Conference 2018. Archived August 1, 2018. Archive URL: https://archive.fo/hsInI
76
Chris D’Angelo. “The Daughter Of An Ex-Coal Executive Helped Lead Trump’s National Monuments Review,” HuffPost, December 23, 2017. Archived July 24, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/rUfoj
77
“Downey Magallanes” (PDF), Department of the Interior. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
78
“Final Report Summarizing Findings of the Review of Designations Under the Antiquities Act” (PDF), Department of the Interior. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
79
“Trump Administration Eyes Cuts At More Protected National Monuments,” HuffPost, December 5, 2017. Archived July 24, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/FrNTL
80
“Trump Guts 2 Protected National Monuments In Utah,” HuffPost, December 4, 2017. Archived July 24, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/QD7p8
81
“Trump Guts 2 Protected National Monuments In Utah,” HuffPost, December 4, 2017. Archived July 24, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/QD7p8
82
“PRESS RELEASE: HEARTLAND INSTITUTE EXPERTS REACT TO TRUMP ROLLING BACK FEDERAL LAND GRAB IN UTAH,” The Heartland Institute, December 6, 2017. Archived July 24, 2020. Archive URL: https://archive.vn/HHIJJ
83
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
84
“VIDEOS – FRED PALMER, AFEC (PANEL 4A: THE FUTURE OF COAL),” The Heartland Institute, December 3, 2017. Archived .mp4 on file at DeSmog.
85
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
86
“FREDERICK PALMER,” America First Energy Conference. Archived November 21, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ksZk4
87
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
88
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
89
October 2017 Fundraising letter by Fred Palmer. On file at Desmog.
90
James Osborne. “Trump officials to appear at Houston event hosted by climate skeptics,” Houston Chronicle, November 2, 2017. Archived November 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XPtYc
91
“Scott Pruitt,” America First Energy Conference. Archived November 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/X4F6m
92
“America First Energy Conference Stacked with Climate Change Deniers,” Climate Investigations Center, November 6, 2017. Archived November 20, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/mISrd
93
“SPEAKERS,” America First Energy. Archived October 10, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/OJWeX
94
Steve Horn. “Trump Names Climate Denier Kathleen Hartnett-White to Head White House Environmental Council,” DeSmog, October 13, 2017.
95
“Heartland Institute Experts React to Trump’s Appointment of Kathleen Hartnett White for CEQ,” The Heartland Institute. Archived newsletter .pdf on file at DeSmog.
96
“An Audit Report on The Commission on Environmental Quality’s Enforcement and Permitting Functions for Selected Programs” (PDF), State Auditor’s Office, December 2003.
97
Steve Horn. “Trump Names Climate Denier Kathleen Hartnett-White to Head White House Environmental Council,” DeSmog, October 13, 2017.
98
Steve Horn. “Trump Names Climate Denier Kathleen Hartnett-White to Head White House Environmental Council,” DeSmog, October 13, 2017.
99
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
100
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
101
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
102
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
103
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
104
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
105
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
106
Graham Readfearn. “’God Bless Trump’: 25 Years Ago This Man Kick Started the First Fossil Fuel–Funded Campaigns to Attack Climate Science,” DeSmog, January 29, 2017.
107
Fredrick D. Palmer. “Setting a Path for Coal in Climate Change Goals,” Brink News, November 30, 2015. Archived November 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/RvYAV
108
“Re: Revised Draft Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in NEPA Reviews, 79 Fed. Reg. 77,802 (December 24, 2014)” (PDF), Peabody Energy, March 24, 2015. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
109
Kevin Grandia. “Peabody Energy to White House: Greenhouse Gas a ‘Non-Existent Harm‘,” DeSmog, July 14, 2015.
110
Ray McCarty. “Business leaders gather for discussion on the EPA’s ‘Clean Power Plan’,” Associated Industries of Missouri, August 21, 2014. Archived May 24, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/3iFSC
111
Ray McCarty. “Business leaders gather for discussion on the EPA’s ‘Clean Power Plan’,” Associated Industries of Missouri, August 21, 2014. Archived May 24, 2015. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/3iFSC
112
“Submitted Testimony by Fredrick D. Palmer Peabody Energy Senior Vice President of Government Relations U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Power Plan Proposed Rule Washington, D.C” (PDF), Peabody Energy, July 29, 2014. Retrieved from Scribd. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
113
David Doniger. “Peabody’s Improbable History,” National Resources Defense Council, August 10, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XKShH
114
David Doniger. “Peabody’s Improbable History,” National Resources Defense Council, August 10, 2014. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/XKShH
115
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
116
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
117
Fredrick D. Palmer. “So, what about this global warming?” Population Research Institute, December 1, 1998. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/2WpR4
118
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
119
Fredrick D. Palmer, Peter Glaser, Harold P. Quinn, Jr. and Bradford V. Frisby. “CO2: A POLLUTANT? THE LEGAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON THE AUTHORITY OF EPA TO REGULATE CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT,” National Mining Association. Archived July 12, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oHPi0
120
“Western Fuels Association’s Astroturf Empire: Coal industry campaign multiplies efforts to re-spin global warming” (PDF), Clearinghouse on Environmental Advocacy and Research, November 10, 1998. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
121
“Greening of the Planet Earth,” BasinElectric.com. Archived December 2, 1998. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fIX3N
122
“Greening of the Planet Earth,” BasinElectric.com. Archived December 2, 1998. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fIX3N
123
Suzanne Goldenberg. “The truth behind Peabody’s campaign to rebrand coal as a poverty cure,” The Guardian, May 19, 2015. Archived January 13, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/A0kMg
124
“Join GES,” Greening Earth Society. Archived March 8, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/8BURx
125
“Distorting the Debate: A Case Study of Corporate Greenwashing,” Ozone Action, May 15, 1991. Retrieved from Greenpeace USA research archives. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
126
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
127
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
128
“Board of Directors,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Archived August 20, 2012. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/H3YzH
129
“FREDERICK D. PALMER,” The Heartland Institute. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/shv71
130
“NCC Leadership,” National Coal Council. Archived February 15, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/GpRqi
131
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
132
PennEnergy Editorial Staff. “Coal News: Fred Palmer joins an expanding Total Spectrum,” PennEnergy, January 20, 2016. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/dBmAw
133
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
134
“Fredrick D. Palmer,” The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. Archived January 11, 2017. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/pDYPU
135
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DeSmog

DeSmog

Fred Palmer

Fred Palmer

Credentials

Background

Greening Earth Society (GES)

Informational Council for the Environment (ICE)

Gale Klappa & ICE

Stance on Climate Change

Key Quotes

Key Deeds

Affiliations

Other Resources

Resources

Related Profiles

Heartland Institute

Craig Idso

S. Fred Singer

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

DeSmog

DeSmog

Fred Palmer

Fred Palmer

Credentials

Background

Greening Earth Society (GES)

Informational Council for the Environment (ICE)

Gale Klappa & ICE

Stance on Climate Change

Key Quotes

Key Deeds

Affiliations

Other Resources

Resources

Related Profiles

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