C. Boyden Gray
Credentials
- A.B. magna cum laude from Harvard and J.D. with high honors from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.1“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
Background
C. Boyden Gray (Clayland Boyden Gray) was an attorney and lobbyist and founding partner at the lobbying firm Boyden Gray & Associates in Washington, DC.2“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk He had been a lobbyist for a variety of corporations, including Exelon, First Energy Corporation, Amgen, Geneva Steel, Genzyme, New England Electric System, the Swiss Bankers Association, and Tiger Management.3“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999. He passed away in May 2023.4Luz Lazo. “C. Boyden Gray, White House counsel to President G.H.W. Bush, dies at 80,” The Washington Post, May 21, 2023. Archived May 23, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ZjOn4
Gray was the grandson of Bowman Gray, a president of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and son of Gordon Gray who served as Secretary of the Army for President Truman and national security adviser to President Eisenhower. Gray has been described as a multimillionaire who has had numerous investments in oil partnerships according to disclosure forms from his days of service in government.5“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
According to his profile at Boyden Gray & Associates, Gray worked in the White House for twelve years, first as counsel to the Vice President during the Reagan administration and then as White House Counsel to President George H.W. Bush where he was “instrumental in the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Energy Policy Act of 1992, as well as the development of a cap-and-trade system for acid rain emissions.”6“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
While working on Clean Air Act revisions in the Bush administration, Gray touted the goal of a “free market” strategy – “the emphasis will be on market incentives to achieve results, getting away from command and control so there is more flexibility, more efficiency” in meeting clean air goals.7“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999. 8Marie Cocco. “A Free-Market Wrinkle Added By President,” Newsday , 4. 3-13-1989.
C. Boyen Gray was chair of the Environmental Resources Trust (ERT), created in 1997 by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). A June, 1999 report by the NonProfit Accountability Project (PDF) detailed Boyden’s role at ERT, and critically examines both ERT and the EDF‘s role in climate change policy. The report comments that “It is disconcerting that Gray chairs ERT while simultaneously chairing Citizen’s for a Sound Economy (CSE), an anti-environmental think tank.”9“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
Gray founded the 501(c)(3) nonprofit Committee for Justice with political strategist Ed Rogers in 2002. The group describes itself as “the nation’s leading conservative voice on judicial appointments and the threat of judicial activism.”“10About the Committee for Justice,” Committee for Justice. Accessed September 20, 2018. It initially served to pressure the Senate into approving President George W. Bush’s federal judicial appointments. 11“A Moving Force In Fight for Bush’s Judicial Nominees,” The Washington Post, May 24, 2005. Archived September 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.fo/sx21O
Koch Connection & Citizens for a Sound Economy
In 1993, C. Boyden Gray became the Chairman of Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE), a group created by Richard Fink and founded in part by David H. Koch.12Jane Mayer. “Covert Operations,” The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. CSE received $7.9 million between 1986 and 1993 from the Kochs.13“Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power,” Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VZUEZ
At the time, CSE led a public relations campaign against the Clinton administration’s 1993 energy tax proposal. The Nation reported: “While the Koch Foundations could not legally lobby against the tax, CSE rallied public opposition, especially in Oklahoma, where then-Senator David Boren agreed to help kill the tax.”14“Sidebar: Petrodollar Scholars,” The Nation, 1997. Archived January 17, 1997. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/35e7G
In 1995, the Kochs hired Gray to write federal legislation titled the Comprehensive Regulatory Reform Act of 1995 after the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had filed a lawsuit against the Kochs over oil spills at Koch-owned refineries.15“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
In 1999, Boyden Gray prepared a CSE-funded amicus brief key to a decision by a U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington that suspended air quality regulations issued by the Clinton-Gore administration in July 1997. CSE said it helped fund Gray’s brief.16“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
Stance on Climate Change
At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, Gray wrote that he believed more research was needed before action should be taken on climate change:
“[I]t may be that vigorous scientific research into global warming will soon demonstrate the need to act more drastically on greenhouse gases, but this has not happened yet … the immediate need is not climate change.”17“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
Key Quotes
October 2014
“If policymakers are serious about cutting carbon emissions, they should give up heavy-handed mandates and empty promises in favor of policies that promote competition in the energy sector. Alternative fuels like natural gas have already reduced carbon emissions in electricity generation and could do the same in transportation. […]
Consider also nuclear power, which is much less carbon-intensive than coal and fossil fuels.”18C. Boyden Gray. “Obama’s empty promises, go-it-alone policies won’t fight climate change,” The Washington Times, October 28, 2014. Archived February 23, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xxI3X
Key Actions
December 20, 2021
Boyden Gray & Associates filed a brief in West Virginia v. EPA, a U.S. Supreme Court case that reduced the EPA’s ability to regulate power plants under the Obama administration’s Clean Power Plan. The firm filed the brief on behalf of the America First Policy Institute.19“BRIEF OF THE AMERICA FIRST POLICY INSTITUTE AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS in STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA, et al., Petitioners, v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, et al., Respondents,” Supreme Court of the United States Docket Nos. 20-1530, 20-1531, 20-1778, 20-1780. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. In June 2022, the court ruled 6-3 against the EPA.20“West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency,” NRDC, July 7, 2022. Archived April 6, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/pnvVq
January 25, 2021
C. Boyden Gray published an article at the Wall Street Journal arguing that California and the Biden administration’s initiative to roll out state electric car quotas violated federal law.21C. Boyden Gray. “Electric Car Quotas Have a High Cost,” Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/l3K28
“To promote efficiency, federal law broadly forbids state regulations ‘related to fuel economy standards,” Gray wrote. “Courts have held that this law forbids electric-car quotas and similarly meddlesome command-and-control policies that seek to dictate how car makers should meet federal performance standards. The Golden State argues that a special exception made for California regulations in the Clean Air Act should also be read into the federal fuel-economy law. But that law’s text says no. It forbids fuel-economy regulation by any state—no exceptions.”
February 2016
C. Boyden Gray defended ExxonMobil in the media after the publication of documents showing that Exxon knew about climate change in the early 1980s while promoting climate denial for the next 27 years.22Suzanne Goldenberg. “Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years,” The Guardian, July 8, 2015. Archived February 23, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rb6T1
“The decision to single out Exxon is especially ill conceived, because when it comes to actual proposals for real legislative action on climate change, Exxon’s advocacy has been indistinguishable from some of the leading environmental organizations,” C. Boyden Gray writes in Forbes magazine.23C. Boyden Gray. “The Misguided ExxonMobil Climate Change Inquisition,” Forbes, February 11, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fWXFN
June 2006
C. Boyden Gray was part of the lobbying effort against REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals), a bill put before the European Union which would equire “manufacturers to test industrial chemicals used in the manufacturing process to gather health and safety data,” reported the Wall Street Journal.24Mary Jacoby. “EU Chemicals Proposal Prompts Global Mobilization Led by U.S.” The Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2006. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/F1uW8
1999
Boyden Gray prepared a CSE-funded amicus brief key to a decision by a U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington that suspended air quality regulations issued by the Clinton-Gore administration in July 1997. CSE said it helped fund Gray’s brief.25“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
1996
Writing at The New Republic, Hanna Rosin reported that Gray was a “natural leader” for a new group titled the Air Quality Standards Coalition (AQSC). The group, formed in 1996, came to represent more than 500 members including Texaco, Teneco, Philip Morris, Chevron, and Monsanto. In 1997, AQSC spent $100 million in attempts to combat rules that the EPA estimated would save 15,000 lives a year.26“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70 27“EPA Clashes with Industry,” The Detroit News, February 7, 1999. Retrieved from Greenpeace Investigations.
Rosin also noted a relationship between the AQSC and Citizens for Sound Economy (CSE), anther of Gray’s groups, which it used “to carry out the ‘grass-roots’ campaign.” However, the CSE kept a “virtuous distance from AQSC: “We are not a part of the coalition; we do not receive funding from them, and we do not work together,” said Brent Bahler, a CSE spokesman.28“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70
Rosin reported that, despite this, “CSE footprints show up all over the coalition agenda.” For example, she notes that “CSE officials met with coalition members last April to brief them on their $5 million educational campaign on the EPA rules. They got the American Petroleum Institute to agree to match all donations up to $600,000. Keeping up the appearance of a grass-roots effort by employing CSE is in fact crucial to the coalition. ‘NAM has recognized that re environmental issues, while the war will be won or lost in Washington, the battles will take place out there,’ says one member, according to the notes.”29“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70
1995
The Kochs hired Gray to write federal legislation titled the Comprehensive Regulatory Reform Act of 1995.30“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
1992
At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, Gray wrote that he believed more research was needed before action should be taken on climate change:
“[I]t may be that vigorous scientific research into global warming will soon demonstrate the need to act more drastically on greenhouse gases, but this has not happened yet … the immediate need is not climate change.”31“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
1992
As a Counsel to President Bush, Gray lobbied against the U.S. support for binding targets in the global warming treaty at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio. Gray also opposed the President’s attendance at the event.32“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999. 33Michael Weisskopf. “Bush to Attend Rio ‘Earth Summit’ in June; Decision Follows U.S.-Won Concessions in Draft Language on Limiting Pollution,” The Washington Post , A3. 5-13-1992.
During the Earth Summit at Rio, Gray opposed the views of many environmentalists and scientists when he said that “it may be that vigorous scientific research into global warming will soon demonstrate the need to act more drastically on greenhouse gases, but this has not happened yet … the immediate need is not climate change.”34C.Boyden Gray. “Put the Forests First,” The Washington Post, A19. 6-2-1992.
1986
Gray denounced CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards that would improve the overall efficiency of vehicles on the road: “automobile companies cannot produce the kinds of cars that a portion of the public wants – big station wagons, for instance,” he said. He blamed U.S. job losses to the shift of production of large cars abroad, which allowed manufacturers to bypass CAFE standards.35“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999. 36Associated Press. “Bush panel urges end to ’70s fuel standards,” The New York Times, B5. 12-23-1986.
Gray was a member of Reagan’s Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief, which made repealing CAFE standards one of its priorities. Citizens for a Sound Economy was also in opposition to CAFE standards.37“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999. 38Joel Bucher. “Smaller, more fuel efficient but deadlier cars,” The Washington Times, A17. 2-13-1996.
Affiliations
- American Enterprise Institute (AEI) — Former member, “National Council”39“National Council,” American Enterprise Institute. Archived June 1, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/y94Kg
- Atlantic Council of the United States — Former co-chair (as of 2002)40“Risk and Reward: U.S.-EU Regulatory Cooperation on Food Safety and the Environment” (PDF), Atlantic Council of the United States, November, 2002. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- Environmental Resources Trust, Inc. (1996) — Former chairman41“What is the Environmental Resources Trust (ERT)?” Environmental Resources Trust. Archived March 8, 2000. Archive. is URL: https://archive.is/BZ5hl
- FreedomWorks Foundation — Former board member (as of 2013)42“FreedomWorks Foundation Inc,” (PDF) 2013 form 990, Conservative Transparency. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- Friends of Choice in Public Schools — Former trustee (as of 2005)43“Board of Trustees,” Friends of Choice in Urban Schools. Archived February 21, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HEfEW
- Committee for Justice — Former Founder.44“About the Committee for Justice,” Committee for Justice. Accessed September 20, 2018.
- Citizens for A Sound Economy (CSE) — Former chair.45“Sidebar: Petrodollar Scholars,” The Nation, 1997. Archived January 17, 1997. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/35e7G 46“Citizens for a Sound Economy Educational Foundation” (PDF), Greenpeace research documents. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- George C. Marshall Foundation — Former trustee47“Board of Trustees,” Marshall Foundation. Archived April 1, 2004. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/sZsy2
- The Campaign Finance Institute — Former board member (as of 2005)48“Leadership,” The Campaign Finance Institute. Archived August 4, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fM7qz
- Reason Foundation — Trustee.49“Frequently Asked Questions,” Reason Foundation. Archived August 16, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/EBdui
- Center for the Study of the Presidency — Former trustee (As of 2006)50“Board of Trustees,” Center for the Study of the Presidency. Archived February 8, 2006. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/egVGc
- Center for Global Development — Former director.51“Board of Directors,” Center for Global Development. Archived November 18, 2010. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/D2JTb Member, President’s Circle.52“Partners Council,” Center for Global Development. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/kFnxZ
- Resources for the Future —Former director.53“Board of Directors,” Resources for the Future. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/0Gy35
- Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies — Former trustee54“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- Get America Working! — Director.55“Board and Advisory Council,” Get America Working. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/KrbKY
- Media General — Director, 2003 to 2006.56“2004 Was An Outstanding Year For Financial Performance and Journalistic Excellence” (PDF), Media General. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. 57(Press Release). “Media General Announces Nomination of Rodney A. Smolla to Board of Directors and Resignation of C. Boyden Gray, New Ambassador to the European Union,” Media General, February 21, 2006. Archived August 17, 2006. Archive.is URL:https://archive.is/aOr6F#selection-127.0-127.148
- Progress and Freedom Foundation (PFF) — Former Director (2000).58Kim Sunderland. “Advisory Group Named to Design FCC Reform Plan,” Channel Partners, December 1, 2000. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/bZAUZ
- Climate Institute — Former Director.59“C. Boyden Gray,” SourceWatch.
- American Council for Renewable Energy — Former advisor.60“Overview: AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY Joint Session in Austin, Texas of the Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association with Solar Electric Power Association” (PDF), American Council for Renewable Energy, November 14, 2002. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- National Conservative Campaign Fund — Former national advisor.61“Officers and Directors,” National Conservative Campaign Fund. Archived October 11, 2004. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/tRjUp
- National Legal Center for the Public Interest — Former director.62“Board Of Directors National Legal Center,” National Legal Center for the Public Interest. Accessed August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/oy3Zv
- New Uses Council — Former member, Advisory Committee.63“Board of Directors,” New Uses Council. Archived June 13, 2007 with Archive.is.
- Mercatus Center at George Mason University — Former advisor, Regulatory Studies Program.64“About the Program,” Mercatus Center. Archived February 10, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/d29th
- World Agricultural Forum — Former advisor.65“Organisation,” worldAgriculturalforum. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/BJDES
- Committee for the Public — Former member.66Dan Morgan. “A Debate Over U.S. ‘Empire’ Builds in Unexpected Circles,” The Washington Post, August 10, 2003. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/7kc32
- DataPharm Foundation — Former outside counsel.67“The Board,” DataPharm Foundation. Archived April 3, 2004. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/MiJzr
- Energy Future Coalition — Former member, Steering Committee.68“Steering Committee,” Energy Future Coalition. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/qxj8v
- Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) — Participant, Enterprise for the Environment.69“Enterprise for the Environment,” Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived February 8, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/ZfSzK Member, U.S. Nuclear Energy Project Commission.70(Press Release). “CSIS Establishes U.S. Nuclear Energy Project (USNEP) and Forms New Commission on Nuclear Energy Policy in the United States,” CSIS, October 14, 2011. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/4tbDd
- Progress for America Voter Fund71“C. Boyden Gray,” SourceWatch profile.
- Harvard Center for Risk Analysis — Former group chair72“Special Report: Reform of Risk Regulation: Achieving More Protection at Less Cost,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment Vol. 1., No. 3, pp. 183-206, 1995. Retrieved from Truth Tobacco Industry Documents, Bates Number : 800160769-800160793. Archived.pdf on file at Desmog.
- First Energy — Former lobbyist73“Tobacco, Tea Party, and Dirty Energy: Lobbyist C. Boyden Gray,” Checks and Balances Project, March 25, 2013. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/7SDbv
- Boyden Gray & Associates — Former founding partner74“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
- George Mason University (GMU) — Former distinguished adjunct professor.75“C. Boyden Gray,” George Mason University. Archived June 1, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/9Fd8x
- Alliance for Reasonable Regulation — Former chairman76“C. Boyden Gray,” SourceWatch profile.
- Air Quality Standards Coalition — Former co-chairman77“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
Lobbying History
Both OpenSecrets.org and the U.S. Senate Lobbying Disclosure Acts Database have records of Boyden C. Gray’s lobbying history.78“Cray, C. Boyden: Lobbyist Profile,” OpenSecrets.org. Accessed August, 2016. 79Search Results, U.S. Senate Lobbying Disclosure Acts Database. Accessed August 29, 2016.
View the attached spreadsheet for additional details on C. Boyden Gray’s lobbying by year and lobbying firm (.xlsx).
Client | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | Grand Total |
AMGEN INC | $0 | $60,000 | $120,000 | $140,000 | $40,000 | $140,000 | $20,000 | $520,000 | ||||
CITIBANK | $0 | $20,000 | $80,000 | $100,000 | ||||||||
Constellation Energy | $45,000 | $45,000 | ||||||||||
DEUTSCHE TELEKOM AG | $560,000 | $840,000 | $1,400,000 | |||||||||
Exelon | $0 | $5,000 | $5,000 | |||||||||
First Energy Corporation | $30,000 | $60,000 | $90,000 | |||||||||
FiTeq, Inc. | $0 | |||||||||||
GENZYME CORP | $0 | $0 | $20,000 | $20,000 | $40,000 | |||||||
LYONDELL CHEMICAL CO | $20,000 | $20,000 | $40,000 | |||||||||
NETWORK SOLUTIONS | $20,000 | $20,000 | ||||||||||
SINCLAIR BROADCASTING | $0 | $0 | ||||||||||
SWISS BANKERS ASSN | $20,000 | $20,000 | $40,000 | |||||||||
TIGER MANAGEMENT CORP | $30,000 | $30,000 | ||||||||||
WYETH | $140,000 | $160,000 | $300,000 | |||||||||
Grand Total | $30,000 | $65,000 | $45,000 | $20,000 | $20,000 | $60,000 | $260,000 | $300,000 | $600,000 | $1,060,000 | $170,000 | $2,630,000 |
Social Media
@BoydenGrayAssoc on Twitter.
Publications
Below are some sample publications and speeches from Boyden Gray’s profile at the Federalist Society.80“Hon. C. Boyden Gray: Founding Partner, Boyden Gray & Associates,” The Federalist Society. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/DgGVT
Other Resources
- “C. Boyden Gray,” ExxonSecrets Factsheet.
- “C. Boyden Gray,” Wikipedia.
- “C. Boyden Gray,” Center for Global Development.
Resources
- 1“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
- 2“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
- 3“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 4Luz Lazo. “C. Boyden Gray, White House counsel to President G.H.W. Bush, dies at 80,” The Washington Post, May 21, 2023. Archived May 23, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ZjOn4
- 5“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 6“C. Boyden Gray,” Boyden Gray & Associates. Archived February 18, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/WJQBk
- 7“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 8Marie Cocco. “A Free-Market Wrinkle Added By President,” Newsday , 4. 3-13-1989.
- 9“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 10About the Committee for Justice,” Committee for Justice. Accessed September 20, 2018.
- 11“A Moving Force In Fight for Bush’s Judicial Nominees,” The Washington Post, May 24, 2005. Archived September 20, 2018. Archive.is URL: https://archive.fo/sx21O
- 12Jane Mayer. “Covert Operations,” The New Yorker, August 30, 2010. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 13“Koch brothers now at heart of GOP power,” Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2011. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/VZUEZ
- 14“Sidebar: Petrodollar Scholars,” The Nation, 1997. Archived January 17, 1997. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/35e7G
- 15“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
- 16“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
- 17“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 18C. Boyden Gray. “Obama’s empty promises, go-it-alone policies won’t fight climate change,” The Washington Times, October 28, 2014. Archived February 23, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/xxI3X
- 19“BRIEF OF THE AMERICA FIRST POLICY INSTITUTE AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS in STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA, et al., Petitioners, v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, et al., Respondents,” Supreme Court of the United States Docket Nos. 20-1530, 20-1531, 20-1778, 20-1780. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 20“West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency,” NRDC, July 7, 2022. Archived April 6, 2023. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/pnvVq
- 21C. Boyden Gray. “Electric Car Quotas Have a High Cost,” Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/l3K28
- 22Suzanne Goldenberg. “Exxon knew of climate change in 1981, email says – but it funded deniers for 27 more years,” The Guardian, July 8, 2015. Archived February 23, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/rb6T1
- 23C. Boyden Gray. “The Misguided ExxonMobil Climate Change Inquisition,” Forbes, February 11, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fWXFN
- 24Mary Jacoby. “EU Chemicals Proposal Prompts Global Mobilization Led by U.S.” The Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2006. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/F1uW8
- 25“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
- 26“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70
- 27“EPA Clashes with Industry,” The Detroit News, February 7, 1999. Retrieved from Greenpeace Investigations.
- 28“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70
- 29“SHADES OF GRAY,” The New Republic, April 14, 1997. Retrieved from MediaTransparency.org. Archived March 18, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/Zjj70
- 30“Koch’s low profile belies political power,” The Center for Public Integrity, July 15, 2004. Archived August 17, 2016. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/fEqMc
- 31“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 32“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 33Michael Weisskopf. “Bush to Attend Rio ‘Earth Summit’ in June; Decision Follows U.S.-Won Concessions in Draft Language on Limiting Pollution,” The Washington Post , A3. 5-13-1992.
- 34C.Boyden Gray. “Put the Forests First,” The Washington Post, A19. 6-2-1992.
- 35“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 36Associated Press. “Bush panel urges end to ’70s fuel standards,” The New York Times, B5. 12-23-1986.
- 37“CRONY ENVIRONMENTALISM” (PDF), NonProfit Accountability Project, June, 1999.
- 38Joel Bucher. “Smaller, more fuel efficient but deadlier cars,” The Washington Times, A17. 2-13-1996.
- 39“National Council,” American Enterprise Institute. Archived June 1, 2016. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/y94Kg
- 40“Risk and Reward: U.S.-EU Regulatory Cooperation on Food Safety and the Environment” (PDF), Atlantic Council of the United States, November, 2002. Archived .pdf on file at Desmog.
- 41“What is the Environmental Resources Trust (ERT)?” Environmental Resources Trust. Archived March 8, 2000. Archive. is URL: https://archive.is/BZ5hl
- 42“FreedomWorks Foundation Inc,” (PDF) 2013 form 990, Conservative Transparency. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 43“Board of Trustees,” Friends of Choice in Urban Schools. Archived February 21, 2005. Archive.is URL: https://archive.is/HEfEW
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