Background
The International Meat Secretariat (IMS), also known as LโOffice International de la Viande (OIV) and Oficina Permanente Intl. de la Carne (OPIC), is a global nonprofit organisation representing the meat industry.1โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoVย
Founded in 1974 and headquartered in Paris, the IMS works to โpromote the sustainable supply of safe, healthy, high-quality and nutritious animal protein, including beef, pig meat and sheep meat,โ according to its website.2โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoV
The IMS organises the World Meat Congress, an international meat industry conference that takes place every two years.3โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
It engages with international bodies including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and Codex Alimentarius, an international food standards-setting body established by the FAO and the World Health Organization (WHO) to โshape public policy and regulatory standards impacting the agri-food chain.โ4ย โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoV
As a member of the FAOโs Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership,5โLivestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnershipโ, FAO. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/6OnAx it was involved in shaping the FAOโs Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) methodology of estimating global animal agriculture emissions alongside other industry groups and environmental organizations.6โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
In 2020, the IMS signed an open letter urging authorities to refute โmisinformation that tries to manufacture a link between livestock and the spread of Covid-19.โ7ย โOpen letter stresses value of animal agriculture,โ Beef Central. Archived February 24, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/jsuGtย
Other signatories of the letter included:
- Animal Agriculture Alliance
- COPA-COGECA
- European Feed Manufacturersโ Federation (FEFAC)
- North American Meat Institute
Stance on Climate Change
At the Outlook 2020 conference organised by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Secretary General of the International Meat Secretariat Hsin Huang stated: โWe have all heard in the media for quite a long time now, itโs a recurring theme, that somehow the livestock sector and eating meat is detrimental to the environment. That it is a serious negative in terms of the climate change discussions. And my thesis to you […] is that we can actually as an industry, the livestock and meat industry, be the heroes in this discussion.โ8โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
At the meeting, Huang also stated: โ[The livestock sector] cannot continue business as we have done in the past because if we are not proactive in helping to convince the public and policymakers in particular, who have an impact on our activities, if we are not successful in convincing them of the benefits that we bring to the table, then we will be relegated to has-beens.โ9โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
Discussingย the Paris Agreement in a 2016 interview with Geographical, the magazine of the British Royal Geographical Society, Huang stated that the animal agriculture sector needs to โshow that we are making tremendous efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissionsโ and that โthe FAO estimates that by improving techniques in the developing world we can cut [livestock sector] emissions by 30 percent.โ10Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Key Narratives
The IMS promotes a number of narratives to justify the meat industryโs business model. Find out more about how the meat industry is climate-washing its activities in our investigation. And you can read counter-arguments and criticisms of these narratives in our factsheet.
โAnimal agriculture isnโt a serious driver of climate changeโ
โCriticism of animal agricultureโs climate impact is often unscientificโ
Sustainability was prominent on the planned agenda of the World Meat Congress, hosted by the IMS and postponed from 2020 to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the topic, the IMS said: โThe meat industry has been relentlessly attacked for its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, resource use, and animal welfare. But this view is often based on poor, selective evidence and data that does not consider the range of impacts and tradeoffs that constitute a sustainable future for the livestock and meat industries. In short, the reality across the globe is much more nuanced.โ11ย โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog
โGrazing supports biodiversityโ
According to the IMS, โpastures add to the landscape and the biodiversity of our planet.โ12โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog. At the UNECEโs 2019 โMeat Quality for a Sustainable futureโ conference, the IMS claimed that โgrazing livestock on permanent grassland with diverse species benefits biodiversity.โ13โAchieving the Sustainable Development Goals, the Role of Livestock,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
However, a 2020 study by researchers from the University of Alberta warned that scaling up livestock grazing to meet future food demand could threaten the biodiversity of herbivores and pollinators worldwide.14Filazzola et al., โThe effects of livestock grazing are multi-trophic: a meta-analysisโ DOI: 10.1111/ele.13527 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โMeat produced in some countries isnโt damaging to the environmentโ
In 2016, Secretary General of the IMS Hsin Huang responded in an interview with Geographical, the magazine of the British Royal Geographical Society to the question of how the future meat demand in developing countries would be met, stating: โIt makes sense to produce [meat] in countries that are already quite good at it, that have efficient techniques and lower emissions. There are lots of countries where you can produce it without having a negative impact on the environment โ the countries that already have highly efficient and developed livestock sectors.โ15Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog
A 2021 New York University (NYU) study showed that meat corporations based in countries that produce large amounts of meat could be a driving force for busting the climate goals of these countries.16Lazarus et al., โThe climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers,โ Climatic Change, March 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03047-7 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog. The emissions of meat producer Danish Crown, for example, would be responsible for 42 percent of Denmarkโs emissions target under the Paris Agreement by 2030 on a business-as-usual pathway.
โGrazing uses land unsuitable for other usesโ and โLivestock convert inedible material into food for human consumptionโ
At the UNECEโs 2019 โMeat Quality for a Sustainable futureโ conference, the IMS argued that animal agriculture โuses mainly land not suited for crops and for which there is no other productive useโ and that 86 percent of animal feed such as grass, biomass, crop residues and by-products are not edible for humans, citing an FAO report.17โAchieving the Sustainable Development Goals, the Role of Livestock,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog. 18Mottet et al., โLivestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate,โ Global Food Security, September 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
At the ABARES 2020 Outlook conference, Huang stated in a presentation that โruminants (on average globally) consume 0.6kg edible protein for every kg meat produced,โ noting โweโre actually producing more from what we put in.โ19โChallenges for the Meat Industry: We can be Heroes (or has-beens),โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived March 19, 2023. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Discussingย the Paris Agreement in a 2016 interview with Geographical, the magazine of the British Royal Geographical Society, Huang stated that โruminant meat is in some respects one of the most benign meats goingโ because โruminant livestock takes pasture โ i.e. grasslands โ that are not much good for other animals, and converts that into protein.โ20Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
A 2018 Science study, however, estimates that the production of animal-based foods requires 83 percent of the worldโs farmland yet provides only 37 percent of global protein and 18 percent of global calories.21Poore and Nemecek, โReducing foodโs environmental impacts through producers and consumers,โ Science, June 2018. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0216 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog. A 2019 study by environmental scientists from Harvard University found that transitioning to a more plant-based food production system in the UK has the potential to free up large areas of land currently used for grazing and animal feed production while improving the countryโs carbon footprint and still meeting the populationโs nutrition requirements.22Harwatt and Hayek, โEating away at Climate Change with Negative Emissions,โ Harvard Law School, April 2019. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โPlant-based diets do not solve the problem of climate changeโ
โCalls for less meat consumption are unscientific and elitistโ
At the ABARES Outlook 2020 conference, Huang referred to the EAT-Lancet report, which advocates for a reduction in global meat consumption for environmental reasons as an โelitist, biased, not scientifically well-founded study.โ23โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
When contacted by DeSmog for comment, the IMS replied that they were โfar from aloneโ in voicing this type of criticism. However, none of the critics named by the IMS supported its claim that increased meat production is needed to feed the world’s growing population.
โLess meat is wasted than fruit and vegetablesโ
At the ABARES Outlook 2020 conference, IMSโ Secretary General Hsin Huang stated: โThe livestock sector does not get credit for reducing food waste. […] When you produce food for vegetarians, there is a lot of waste and that waste has to go somewhere. And as the livestock industry, weโre using that waste.โ24โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
Studies have found โplant-based diets are also more climate friendly when they are wasted,โ however.25Chai et al., โWhich Diet Has the Least Environmental Impact on Our Planet? A Systematic Review of Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets,โ Sustainability, July 2019. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog. Researchers from the University of Michigan showed that โfruits and vegetables which comprise 33 percent of food waste [in the U.S.], account for only 8 percent of carbon dioxide emissions,โ while animal products โaccount for 33 percent of food waste by mass and 74 percent of carbon dioxide emissions.โ
โMeat is needed for a healthy diet and to feed the worldโ
โMeat is needed to feed the worldโs growing populationโ
The IMS claims that livestock provides โvital nutrients to a growing world population as part of a healthy, sustainable diet.โ26โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
A webpage for the 2022 World Meat Congress due to be hosted by the IMS states: โMany people in the world are malnourished, either lacking sufficient calories and nutrients, or consuming too many calories through poor diets. Meat and livestock products provide a highly efficient source of nutrition.โ27โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
A 2018 study published in Nature, however, found that reducing meat consumption is crucial to lowering the food systemโs emissions and that โ[i]f socioeconomic changes towards [meat-heavy] Western consumption patterns continue, the environmental pressures of the food system are likely to intensify, and humanity might soon approach the planetary boundaries for global freshwater use, change in land use, and ocean acidification.โ28Springmann et al., โOptions for Keeping the Food System within Environmental Limits,โ Nature, 2018. DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
‘Meat is an exceptional source of nutrients’
In a presentation at a 2015 meat industry conference hosted by Agri Benchmark, a global agricultural organization,29โFedegรกn promueve Global Forum, en Valledupar,โ El Heraldo, June 12, 2015. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Fnrkpย
Huang stated that meat is a โnutrient dense – as opposed to energy-denseโ food, providing โhigh quality protein, [the] right proportion of amino acids vs plant protein,โ and an โideal delivery package for essential micronutrients.โ30โMeat for the World: Itโs Sustainable!,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived May 21, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
A 2011 study by nutritional scientists surveying 13,000 participants concluded that โvegetarian diets are nutrient dense, consistent with dietary guidelines, and could be recommended for weight management without compromising diet quality.โ31Farmer et al., โA vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004,โ American Dietetic Association, June 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.012. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
โInnovations in animal agriculture will tackle climate changeโ
โNew grazing techniques can sequester carbonโ
The IMS identifies grassland management as one of โthree priority areas where improving practices should bring large environmental, economic and social benefits.โ32โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
At the ABARES Outlook 2020 conference, Huang stated that livestock were a โpotentially significant participant in carbon sequestration.โ He argued that โunlike other industries that are polluting, like transportation, which are only really extractive industries taking carbon out of the soil, putting it through our petrol engines and then spewing it up into the air, […] with livestock it is actually largely a circular path. [By] better management of our resources, […] we can actually capture some of that carbon and put it back in the soil, and therefore, help with climate change.โ33โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
โBetter land management can enhance biodiversityโ
At the ABARES Outlook 2020 conference, Huang stated: โSustainability is not just about carbon emissions, […] itโs also about improvements in biodiversity through better management of our lands.โ The argument echoes that made by the pesticides industry for farmers to pursue โregenerative agricultureโ strategies.34โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
โTechnological innovations will cut emissionsโ
A webpage for the 2022 World Meat Congress, hosted by the IMS, states that โtechnology, innovation and good practice โ grounded in sound science โ have the potential for the industry to significantly contribute to feeding the world sustainably while addressing societal concerns.โ35โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
The IMS identifies manure management as one of โthree priority areas where improving practices should bring large environmental, economic and social benefits.โ36ย โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
Lobbying
The IMS is a partner of the FAOโs Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP),37โPartners,โ FAO. Archived October 3, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/6OnAx which along with other industry groups was involved in shaping the FAOโs Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) methodology of estimating global animal agriculture emissions.38โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog The emissions estimate resulting from this method is widely cited by industry and politicians.ย
In a 2013 report titled โTackling Climate Change Through Livestock,โ the FAO stated that โin some cases, the livestock sector has taken a leadership role in better identifying the environmental impacts of production and the potential mitigation options to reduce environmental impactโ by identifying โ[greenhouse gas] emission hotspots and reduction opportunitiesโ and โenhancing efficiency across the supply chain.โ39โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog The FAO supported these claims by pointing to initiatives from the International Dairy Federation (IDF) and the US Cattleman Association and citing a 2012 IMS report titled โPigs and the environment: How the global pork business is reducing its impact.โ
Affiliations
In 2012, the FAO announced it was partnering with the IMS and other industry groups and members, including the International Dairy Federation and the European Feed Manufacturersโ Federation (FEFAC), to โestablish a shared understanding of how to assess the environmental performance of the livestock sectorโ and โimprove that performance, and create more sustainable forms of production that will continue to provide food and income.โ40โNew effort to harmonize measurement of livestockโs environmental impacts,โ FAO, July 2012. Archived May 21, 2023. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
IMS is a member of the FAOโs Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance (LEAP) Partnership, a multi-stakeholder initiative โcommitted to improving the environmental performance of livestock supply chains, whilst ensuring its economic and social viability.โ41โLivestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership – Partnersโ, FAO. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/lYGNN The partnership has been โinstrumental in the development of methods and assumptions underpinning GLEAM”.42โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
According to a 2021 study by researchers from the New York Universityโs Department of Environmental Studies, the involvement of industry groups in the LEAP Partnership likely allows โsome influence over how their emissions are accounted for, and subsequently how their environmental impact is understood by the public.โ43Lazarus et al., โThe climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers,โ Climatic Change, March 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03047-7 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
Other LEAP partners include:44โLivestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership – Partnersโ, FAO. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/lYGNN
- International Feed Industry Federation โ IFIF
- International Dairy Federation โ IDF
- International Poultry Council โ IPC
- International Egg Commission โ IEC
- International Wool and Textiles Organization โ IWTO
- International Federation for Animal Health โ IFAH
- International Council of Tanners โ ICT
- World Farmersโ Organization โ WFO
- World Wildlife Fund โ WWF
- World Vision International
- World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples โ WAMIP
- International Planning Committee for food sovereignty โ IPC
- International Union for Conservation of Nature โ IUCN
- ISO
- TU Berlin
- Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock
- Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture
- Global Research Alliance
- Global Soil Partnership – GSP
- Joint Research Centre โ European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production Roundtable
- Life Cycle Initiative
- UN Environment
- OIE
- Pastoralist Knowledge Hub Sustainable Food Systems Programme – SFS
- The World Bank
- UN Global Partnership on Nutrient Management
- Wageningen University & Research โ WUR
Julie Anna Potts, president and CEO of the North American Meat Institute and former executive vice president of the American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF), was a confirmed speaker at the World Meat Congress, hosted by the IMS in 2022.45โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrvย
The IMS is a partner of the FAO-led โGlobal Agenda for Sustainable Livestockโ (GASL), a multi-stakeholder partnership working to โenhance the contribution of the livestock sector to sustainable developmentโ that includes the governments of Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Ireland, Kenya, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Rwanda, Switzerland, Uganda, and Uruguay.46โEmbracing change and harnessing diversity: the roles of livestock in future sustainable food systems,โ Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, June 2022. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
The World Meat Congress 2022 hosted by IMS was sponsored by financial and insurance company ING, IT company CONNEXT, the Mexican Beef Exporters Association, the National Confederation of Livestock Organizations (CNOG), Mexican agricultural company SOOTEC, Mexican pork producer Granjas Carroll de Mรฉxico, software company CSB-SYSTEM, Mexican pork and beef producer Consorcio Dipcen, and Mexican multinational food corporation SuKarne.47โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
In 2018, the US government-sponsored Pork Checkoff program sponsored the World Meat Congress,48Ashley Williams, โPork Checkoff to Sponsor World Meat Congress Event,โ Food Navigator USA, May 19, 2018. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/FEqFu co-hosted by the IMS and the US Meat Export Federation (USMEF).49โDallas will be home for the World Meat Congress 2018 edition,โ Euro Meat News, December 15, 2017. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ob84X
In 2015, IMS consultant Wilfrid Legg was the head of an expert panel advising the UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS).50โActivists Denounce Agribusiness Take-Over of UN Food Body,โ Global Forest Coalition, October 16, 2015. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/4Vu4i
Members
The IMS lists 98 members on it’s website, including:51โMembers,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archive October 3, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/0x36a
- Centre de liaison des industries transformatrices de viande de lโUE (CLITRAVI)
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB)
- Vion Food Group
- Federaciรณn Empresarial de Carnes e Industrias Cรกrnicas (FECIC)
- United States Meat Export Federation (USMEF)
- Verband der Fleischwirtschaft
- Dutch Meat Association
- Bord Bia and Meat Industry Ireland
- 1โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoVย
- 2โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoV
- 3โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
- 4ย โAbout the IMS,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/N8PoV
- 5โLivestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnershipโ, FAO. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/6OnAx
- 6โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 7ย โOpen letter stresses value of animal agriculture,โ Beef Central. Archived February 24, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/jsuGtย
- 8โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 9โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 10Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 11ย โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 12โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 13โAchieving the Sustainable Development Goals, the Role of Livestock,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 14Filazzola et al., โThe effects of livestock grazing are multi-trophic: a meta-analysisโ DOI: 10.1111/ele.13527 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 15Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 16Lazarus et al., โThe climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers,โ Climatic Change, March 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03047-7 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 17โAchieving the Sustainable Development Goals, the Role of Livestock,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 18Mottet et al., โLivestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate,โ Global Food Security, September 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 19โChallenges for the Meat Industry: We can be Heroes (or has-beens),โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived March 19, 2023. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 20Mark Rowe, โThe True Cost of Meat,โ Geographical, December 25, 2016. Archived December 11, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 21Poore and Nemecek, โReducing foodโs environmental impacts through producers and consumers,โ Science, June 2018. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0216 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 22Harwatt and Hayek, โEating away at Climate Change with Negative Emissions,โ Harvard Law School, April 2019. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 23โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 24โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 25Chai et al., โWhich Diet Has the Least Environmental Impact on Our Planet? A Systematic Review of Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets,โ Sustainability, July 2019. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 26โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 27โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
- 28Springmann et al., โOptions for Keeping the Food System within Environmental Limits,โ Nature, 2018. DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 29โFedegรกn promueve Global Forum, en Valledupar,โ El Heraldo, June 12, 2015. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Fnrkpย
- 30โMeat for the World: Itโs Sustainable!,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived May 21, 2021. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 31Farmer et al., โA vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999-2004,โ American Dietetic Association, June 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.012. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 32โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 33โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 34โHsin Huang – International Meat Secretariat,โ YouTube video uploaded by user ABARES Outlook Conference on March 26, 2020. Archive .mp4 on file at DeSmog
- 35โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
- 36ย โIMS Factsheet,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 37
- 38โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 39โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog
- 40โNew effort to harmonize measurement of livestockโs environmental impacts,โ FAO, July 2012. Archived May 21, 2023. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 41
- 42โTackling Climate Change through Livestock,โ FAO, 2013. Archived June 24, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 43Lazarus et al., โThe climate responsibilities of industrial meat and dairy producers,โ Climatic Change, March 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03047-7 Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 44
- 45โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrvย
- 46โEmbracing change and harnessing diversity: the roles of livestock in future sustainable food systems,โ Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, June 2022. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
- 47โWorld Meat Congress 2022,โ World Meat Congress. Archived May 20, 2022. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/XiNrv
- 48Ashley Williams, โPork Checkoff to Sponsor World Meat Congress Event,โ Food Navigator USA, May 19, 2018. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/FEqFu
- 49โDallas will be home for the World Meat Congress 2018 edition,โ Euro Meat News, December 15, 2017. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ob84X
- 50โActivists Denounce Agribusiness Take-Over of UN Food Body,โ Global Forest Coalition, October 16, 2015. Archived June 25, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/4Vu4i
- 51โMembers,โ International Meat Secretariat. Archive October 3, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/0x36a