Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (GACSA)

Background

The Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) was launched in 2014 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). GACSA describes itself as an โ€œinclusive, voluntary and action-oriented multi-stakeholder platform on Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA).โ€1โ€œGACSA โ€“ Global Alliance on Climate-Smart Agriculture,โ€ Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/NUITq

The concept of โ€œclimate smart agricultureโ€ was originally developed by the FAO in 2010 where it was presented for the first time at the Hague Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change.2โ€œAbout CSA,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/DTybn

GACSA says its vision is to โ€œimprove food security, nutrition and resilience in the face of climate change.โ€ However, according to non-profit organisation GRAIN, the alliance is โ€œthe culmination of several years of efforts by the fertiliser lobby to block meaningful action on agriculture and climate change.โ€3โ€œAbout CSA,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/DTybn 4โ€œThe Exxons of Agriculture,โ€ GRAIN, September 30, 2015. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/JSc6q

Organisations can become members of GACSA by agreeing to the groupโ€™s voluntary framework document.5โ€œGlobal Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) โ€“ Framework,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture, September 2014. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog. As of August 2020, there were 465 members of the alliance, including Syngenta, Yara International, Cool Farm Alliance and the World Farmers Organization (WFO).6โ€œMember List,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/2PMuS

Prior to the allianceโ€™s official launch at the UN climate talks in 2014, civil society groups and farmer organisations wrote an open letter expressing concerns about GASCA. The letter, which was signed by groups including Greenpeace International, Pesticide Action Network (Asia-Pacific) and ActionAid International, said โ€œwithout clear standards for adaptation and mitigation that ensure environmental integrity, the Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture could serve as a green-washing and policy-influencing platform for the planetโ€™s worst offenders.โ€7โ€œOpen Letter from Civil Society On the Global Alliance For Climate-Smart Agriculture – July 2014,โ€ Climate Smart Agriculture Concerns. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OcKR4

The letter also called into question the corporate alliances in GACSA, saying: โ€œAs civil society groups we often challenge the power and practices of agribusiness corporations. We do not wish our presence in the Alliance to effectively legitimise those that we criticise.โ€8โ€œOpen Letter from Civil Society On the Global Alliance For Climate-Smart Agriculture – July 2014,โ€ Climate Smart Agriculture Concerns. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/OcKR4

Stance on Climate Change

The FAO, the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, reportedly first coined the term โ€œclimate smart agricultureโ€ in 2010 โ€œas a means to attract climate finance to its agricultural programmes in Africa.โ€9โ€œThe Exxons of Agriculture,โ€ GRAIN, September 30, 2015. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/JSc6q The FAO supports governments to introduce climate-smart policies.10โ€œPolicy Support โ€“ Climate-Smart Agriculture,โ€ Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/FZWz9 It presents climate-smart agriculture as a solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions whilst also increasing productivity. 11โ€œRT @FAOKnowledge: Climate-smart #agriculture can sustainably increase productivity while reducing greenhouse gases. #climatechange,โ€ Tweet by user @FAOclimate, January 29, 2018. Retrieved from Twitter.com. Archived .png on file at DeSmog.

The FAO says its aim with climate-smart agriculture is โ€œachieving sustainability, increasing food security and responding to climate changeโ€. The FAO โ€œseeks to catalyze and rally action to accelerate the scaling up of climate-smart agriculture through its membersโ€™ own initiatives, engagements and programsโ€.12โ€œClimate Smart Agriculture Sourcebook,โ€ Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/yYg6y

In a document laying out its strategic vision for 2018 โ€œand beyondโ€, GACSA states: โ€œThe impacts of climate change are reducing the capacity of natural resources (soil, water and biodiversity) to sustain food demand of the world`s increasing population. Food security and climate change are therefore interlinked challenges that need to be addressed simultaneously. Increasing resource efficiency in agriculture and building resilience to climate risks are the key actions for undertaking these challenges. This implies a significant transformation of agriculture and food systems.โ€ GACSA goes on to state that, among its key objectives, is working with stakeholders towards โ€œenhancing agricultural, forestry and fisheries practices and systems that sustainably increase productivity, improve resilience and adaptation and, where possible, reduce or sequester emissions.โ€13โ€œStrategic Vision 2018 and Beyond,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

As GACSA lays out in its โ€œAnnual Forum 2017 Summary Reportโ€: โ€œClimate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) aims to make agriculture part of the solution by achieving three related outcomes: (1) increasing productivity in a sustainable manner; (2) enhancing adaptation and resilience to climate change factors and (3) reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions / sequestering greenhouse gases.โ€14โ€œSummary Reportโ€ GACSA Annual Forum 2017,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

In a guidance document for policy makers and investors on โ€œclimate-smart pest managementโ€ GACSA states that climate change is โ€œhaving a significant impact on global crop yields and food securityโ€ including influencing crop pests. With better climate and pest monitoring, it says, โ€œfarmers will be able to proactively implement pest prevention practices (e.g. use of pest resistant varieties, careful selection of planting, pruning and harvesting times, push-pull techniques, etc.) in order to prevent the occurrence and/or build-up of expected pest problems.โ€15Lucia Heeb, Emma Jenner, โ€œClimate-Smart Pest Management โ€“ Implementation Guidance for Policymakers and Investors,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

Charity Action Aid released a report in 2014 that said: โ€œThere are no meaningful criteria for what can โ€“ or cannot โ€“ be called โ€˜Climate Smart.โ€™ Practices or corporations that are destructive to the climate, the environment, and to farmers, are free to use the term. Furthermore, there are no social safeguards to prevent so-called โ€˜Climate Smartโ€™ activities from carrying out land grabbing, undermining farmersโ€™ livelihoods, pulling farmers into debt, or even suing them for seed saving.โ€16โ€œClever Name, Losing Game? How Climate Smart Agriculture is sowing confusion in the food movement,โ€ ActionAid, September 2014. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

โ€œCorporations such as Syngenta, Yara (the worldโ€™s largest fertiliser manufacturer), McDonalds and Monsanto, which promote synthetic agrochemicals, intensive factory farming of livestock, and promote industrial scale mono-cropping are all jumping on the โ€˜Climate Smartโ€™ bandwagon, claiming that they offer solutions to address climate change,โ€ it continues.17โ€œClever Name, Losing Game? How Climate Smart Agriculture is sowing confusion in the food movement,โ€ ActionAid, September 2014. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

โ€œThere is growing confusion and debate over what the term really means, what it can achieve, what is new about it, and whether it really can benefit food systems in the face of climate change,โ€ Charity Action Aid adds.18โ€œClever Name, Losing Game? How Climate Smart Agriculture is sowing confusion in the food movement,โ€ ActionAid, September 2014. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

A 2015 report by ETC Group and Heinrich Bรถll Stiftung likewise criticised the vagueness of climate smart agriculture concept. It said:19โ€œOutsmarting nature? Synthetic biology and climate smart agriculture,โ€ ETC Group and Heinrich Bรถll Stiftung. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

โ€œNone of the promoters of CSA delineate the specific techniques involved. FAO states that CSAGACSA, then even the most carbon-intensive, resource-wasting ones make the grade.โ€20โ€œOutsmarting nature? Synthetic biology and climate smart agriculture,โ€ ETC Group and Heinrich Bรถll Stiftung. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.

The report also outlines how the big six agricultural companies at the time – Monsanto (now Bayer), DuPont and Dow (now Corteva), Syngenta, Bayer, and BASF – were driving the concept of climate smart agriculture.21โ€œOutsmarting nature? Synthetic biology and climate smart agriculture,โ€ ETC Group and Heinrich Bรถll Stiftung. Archived November 10, 2020. Archived .pdf on file at DeSmog.


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Funding

The Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture uses a โ€˜Facilitation Unitโ€™ which is hosted by the FAO. Donors make financial contributions into a โ€œmulti-donor trust fundโ€ and the Facilitation Unit supports GASCA members to implement activities and provides key services like communication, information and knowledge management, and exchange processes.22โ€œFAQs,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/QcMua

Affiliations

GACSA has an extensive members list, which includes Governmental and Development Agencies, Inter-Governmental Groups, Non-Governmental Organizations, Farmers Organizations, Research and Academic Institutions, Private Sector, Non-profit Organizations, Civil Society Organizations and Regional Alliances.23โ€œMember List,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/2PMuS

Its list of private sector members includes Syngenta.24โ€œMember List,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/2PMuS

The group has 12 regional alliances:25โ€œMember List,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/2PMuS

  • Africa CSA Alliance
  • Asia Pacific CSA Alliance
  • Central Asia CSA Alliance
  • East Africa CSA Alliance
  • International Cooperative Alliance Asia-Pacific
  • Latin America CSA Platform
  • North American Climate-Smart Agriculture Alliance (NACSAA)
  • Regional Alliance in Asia
  • Regional Alliance in Europe
  • Regional Sustainable Energy Centre of Excellence for Sub Saharan
  • Southern Africa Coalition on Climate Change (SACCC)
  • Southern Africa CSA alliance 26โ€œMember List,โ€ Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture. Archived November 10, 2020. Archive.fo URL: https://archive.fo/2PMuS

Other Resources

Resources

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