JBS

Background

JBS (José Batista Sobrinho Sociedade Anónima) is the world’s largest meat supplier,¹ and the second-largest food company, according to JBS’s website.² The company produces beef, pork, lamb, chicken, and convenience food products.

Headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil and founded in 1953, JBS owns 70 different brands and over 450 production units and sales sites in more than 20 countries. It has 250,000 employees and market access to 190 countries worldwide. In 2020, JBS reported net revenue of R$270 billion.³

JBS operates through five business units: JBS Brazil (beef and leather production in Brazil), Seara (poultry and pork processing in Brazil), JBS USA Beef (beef processing in the U.S., Australia and Canada), JBS USA Pork (pork processing in the U.S.), and Pilgrim’s Pride (poultry and pork processing in the U.S., Europe and Mexico).⁴ As of 2021, the company reported the capacity to slaughter more than 75,000 cows, 115,000 pigs and 14 million birds per day.⁵

In a report based on research by the environmental organizations GRAIN and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), the UK sustainable farming charity Feedback estimated that JBS has the “largest climate footprint of any meat company in the world, with independent calculations suggesting that in 2016 its emissions rivalled Taiwan’s at 280 million tonnes [Mt] of CO2-eq.”⁶

In 2021, JBS announced a goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2040 “by reducing direct and indirect emission intensities, while offsetting residual emissions”,“⁷ and zero deforestation across its supply chain by 2035.⁸ The same year, JBS was given a score of 1 out of 100 on the Soy and Cattle Deforestation Tracker developed by the environmental organisation Mighty Earth.⁹ The company has been repeatedly accused of sourcing beef from farmers linked with illegal deforestation in the Amazon rainforest.¹⁰

According to a 2020 report published by the International Land Coalition (ILC), the state-owned Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) owns nearly 25 percent of JBS.¹¹ In 2017, the owners of JBS were fined 10.3 billion real ($3.2 billion), one of the highest “leniency fines” ever levied, after admitting they had bribed more than 1,800 Brazilian politicians.¹² In 2020, JBS was fined more than $280 million over foreign bribery charges that helped the company to expand its operations in the U.S.¹³

Stance on Climate Change

In JBS’s 2020 annual report, the company’s CEO stated that “global warming is one [of] humanity’s greatest challenges, and we want to be part of the change.”¹⁴

In a video published in 2021 by JBS USA on LinkedIn, the company announced it was aiming to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2040, reduce the emissions intensity of its operations by 30 percent by 2030, fully transition to renewable electricity by 2040, and invest $100 million by 2030 in research and development on “producer sustainability projects like regenerative farming and carbon sequestration.”¹⁵

In JBS’s 2019 sustainability report, the company stated that initiatives “to reduce direct emissions are mainly focused on the volume of fossil fuels and energy consumed,” with a “major effort” also being made to “achieve a cleaner energy matrix, to use waste in generating energy, to gain more efficiency in treating industrial effluents and to increase the logistics efficiency of the Company’s own and third-party fleets.”¹⁶

Livestock emissions

JBS reported emissions of 6.63 Mt of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in 2018 and 7.14 Mt CO2e in 2019, noting that emissions rose “due to the acquisition of new operations by the Company, such as Tulip, in Europe.” In its estimates, JBS includes emissions from the company’s vehicle fleets and electricity use, as well as “fuels used to generate energy or heat in operations, effluent treatment ponds and enteric fermentation from animals on feedlots or Company farms”: these are known collectively as scope 1 and 2 emissions.¹⁷

Scope 1 and 2 emissions stem from the direct activities of a company or activities under its control and from the production of energy used by the company.¹⁸ Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions from a company’s activities, originating from sources it does not own or control, including emissions caused by land use, land-use change, and farms that supply meat companies.¹⁹ JBS defines scope 3 emissions as “indirect emissions resulting from the third-party fleet, commercial air travel, decomposition of waste on third-party properties and others,” stating that “emissions in this scope are therefore considered to be emissions over which the Company has no responsibility or indirect responsibility.”²⁰

In contrast to JBS’s estimates, UK food campaign group Feedback states that JBS has the “largest climate footprint of any meat company in the world, with independent calculations suggesting that in 2016 its emissions rivalled Taiwan’s at 280 million tonnes of CO2-eq,”²¹ based on research by environmental organizations GRAIN and IATP. The estimate was derived using the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) 2.0, which covers scope 1–3 emissions and includes land use and land-use change.²²

Feedback criticised the focus of meat producers’ emissions strategies on scope 1 and 2 emissions, stating in 2020: “They’re farming companies using the emissions reduction strategies of transport companies rather than coming up with strategies that are consummate with the fact that they are meat and dairy companies.”²³

JBS told DeSmog it had “already begun the process of setting Science Based Targets (SBTs) as part of our work with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and look forward to transparently sharing our progress as our work continues.”

In February 2024, JBS was sued by New York state’s attorney general for misleading the public about the company’s environmental impacts in order to boost sales.²⁴ Attorney General Letitia James said that while JBS had stated its goal of reaching net zero emissions by 2040, it had “no viable plan” to achieve this. James said that JBS’s aim for net zero was incompatible with its plans to expand production.

JBS disagreed with the lawsuit, pledging to continue working with farmers and ranchers toward a “more sustainable future for agriculture” using fewer resources and with lower environmental impact.

Key Narratives

JBS promotes a number of narratives to justify its business model. Find out more about how the meat industry is climate-washing its activities in our investigation. And you can read counter-arguments and criticisms of these narratives in our factsheet.

‘Animal agriculture isn’t a serious driver of climate change’

‘Our feed comes from responsible sources’

In 2020, Gilberto Tomazoni, CEO of JBS, stated in a panel marking World Food Day: “We can guarantee 100% of our direct suppliers do not deforest the Amazon.”²⁵ In 2021, JBS announced a commitment to achieve zero deforestation across its supply chain by 2035.²⁶ Greenpeace described the announcement as “a major step backward from a pledge originally made [by JBS] in 2009 to deliver zero deforestation across the entire Amazon supply base by 2011.”²⁷

JBS has been given a score of 1 out of 100 on the Soy and Cattle Deforestation Tracker developed by Mighty Earth, a global environmental organisation.²⁸

A 2021 Greenpeace report found that JBS had contributed, through its suppliers, to the 2020 fires in Brazil’s Pantanal wetlands.²⁹

According to a 2020 report by the International Land Coalition (ILC), an alliance of civil society and intergovernmental organisations, JBS buys from the 145,000-hectare Lagoa do Triunfo ranch owned by billionaire Daniel Dantas, a ranch that has been repeatedly linked to and fined for illegal deforestation in the Amazon.³⁰

‘Grazing supports biodiversity’

In the company’s 2020 annual report, JBS stated that the company was planning an initiative to “assist cattle ranchers in the promotion of environmental regularization and in the increase of sustainable productivity – which reduces carbon emissions and improves local biodiversity.”³¹

The US-based environmental group, Center for Biological Diversity, states: “The ecological costs of livestock grazing exceed that of any other western land use.”³² A 2020 study by researchers from the University of Alberta warned that scaling up livestock grazing to meet future food demand could threaten the biodiversity of herbivores and pollinators worldwide.³³

‘Meat is needed for a healthy diet and to feed the world’

‘Meat is needed to feed the world’s growing population’

JBS USA states on its website that the company “is committed to helping meet the global challenge of feeding a growing population, responsibly, by improving the efficiency of our operations and minimizing our environmental footprint.”³⁴ In 2020, Gilberto Tomazoni, CEO of JBS, stated in a panel marking World Food Day that “our challenge to feed the world will only become greater in the future,” citing FAO data that the world’s population is expected to reach 10 billion people by 2050.³⁵

According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), a sustainable development organisation, feeding 10 billion people by 2050 without transitioning to a more plant-based global diet would necessitate the destruction of the world’s remaining forests, and “agriculture alone would produce almost twice the emissions allowable from all human activities.”³⁶ ³⁷

‘Innovations in animal agriculture will tackle climate change’

‘Emissions intensity reduction is a climate solution’

In March 2021, JBS announced a goal to reach net-zero emissions by 2040, including a reduction of its scope 1 and 2 emissions intensity by 30 percent by 2030.³⁸ In its 2019 sustainability report, the company stated that it had reduced its emissions intensity by 17 percent based on a 2013, 2014 or 2015 average baseline, without specifying the exact year.³⁹

In 2020, JBS CEO Gilberto Tomazoni stated in a panel marking World Food Day that the company was working to “increase productivity and the quality of what we can offer to the consumer… while using a smaller area of pasture.” According to food news site Foodnavigator, Tomazoni further noted that “technology had enabled ‘a giant step’ in the sustainable production process” and that “we have a huge capacity to produce more without devastating anything.”⁴⁰

Sustainable farming organizations GRAIN and IATP argue, however, “that the large gains in ‘efficiency’ realised by industrial farming in the twentieth century will be hard to repeat without major ecological, social and health impacts.” The organisations describe the efficiency of intensive livestock production as “a myth.”⁴¹

‘Technological innovations will cut emissions’

In 2020, Gilberto Tomazoni, CEO of JBS, stated in a panel marking World Food Day that JBS “was committed to investing in technology in order to fight deforestation and climate change,” including initiatives such as “a blockchain platform to monitor direct and indirect suppliers and investment into solar energy and water and waste schemes.” Tomazoni argued that “technology had enabled ‘a giant step’ in the sustainable production process” and that the company had “a huge capacity to produce more without devastating anything.”⁴²

The arguments echo those of the pesticides industry, which argues that “precision agriculture” can be a climate solution. Critics claim it is unlikely to be sufficiently effective and comes with other problems.

Lobbying

According to a 2020 report published by the International Land Coalition (ILC), a global alliance of civil society and intergovernmental organisations, “the dramatic expansion of JBS […] is not just a story of ambition and business acumen, but is just as much one of how regulations can be circumvented and state resources mobilised to support the international expansion of a particular corporation.”⁴³

The report noted that JBS received “billions of dollars from the state-owned Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), borrowed at preferential interest rates,” pointing out that the BNDES lent $2 billion to JBS in 2009 alone, the year JBS acquired the U.S. company Pilgrim’s Pride. It also noted BNDES “now owns close to 25% of the company, giving the government of Brazil a direct interest in its success.”⁴⁴

The report stated that the financial support JBS has received has been linked to the company’s payment of bribes to government officials and three different Brazilian presidents, citing articles from the Wall Street Journal,⁴⁵ Washington Post,⁴⁶ and Brazilian news site G1 Polític.⁴⁷ In 2017, the owners of JBS, Josely and Wesley Batista, were fined 10.3 billion real ($3.2 billion), one of the highest “leniency fines” ever levied, after admitting that they had bribed more than 1,800 Brazilian politicians.⁴⁸ In 2020, JBS was fined more than $280 million over foreign bribery charges that helped the company to expand its operations in the U.S.⁴⁹

In 2014, JBS gave close to R$350 million to members of Brazil’s National Congress, according to a report published by researchers at the Federal University of Espírito Santo.⁵⁰

In the US, JBS spent $8.41 million on lobbying, between 2007 and 2020,⁵¹ according to data compiled by OpenSecrets. During the same period, JBS lobbied the following agencies:⁵²

Dept of Agriculture
Dept of the Treasury
Dept of Energy
Dept of Homeland Security
Dept of Justice
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Management & Budget
Office of US Trade Representative
White House

In 2020, JBS contributed $133,835 to federal candidates – 85 percent to Republicans and 15 percent to Democrats – with recipients including:⁵³

In 2018, JBS contributed $46,442 to federal candidates – 96 percent to Republicans and 4 percent to Democrats – including:⁵⁴

Affiliations

As of 2021, JBS was a member of:⁵⁵

Global

Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef (GRSB)
International Meat Trade Association
International Consortium for Antimicrobial Stewardship in Agriculture
International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration
Leather Naturally
Leather Working Group (LWG)
Sustainable Agriculture Initiative
Global GAP

Australia

Australian Beef Sustainability Framework
Australian Environmental Business Network
Australian Food and Grocery Council
Australian Lot Feeders’ Association
Australian Meat Industry Council
Australian Meat Processor Corporation
Australian Pork Limited
Cattle Council of Australia
Meat and Livestock Australia

Canada

Alberta Motor Carrier Association
Canadian Cattlemen’s Association
Canadian Meat Council
Canadian Renderers Association
Canadian Roundtable for Sustainable Beef
Cattle Council of Australia
Fats and Protein Research Foundation

Brazil

Poultry Growers Association of Bahia (ABA)
Brazilian Association of the Food Industries (ABIA)
Brazilian Beef Exporters Association (ABIEC)
Brazilian Agribusiness Association (ABAG)
Brazilian Association of the Plastics Industry (Abiplast)
Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries (Abiove)
Brazilian Animal Protein Association (ABPA)
Brazilian Association of Broiler Chick Producers (APINCO)
Poultry Growers Association of Minas Gerais (AVIMIG)
Industrial Association of Meat and Meat
Byproducts of Santa Catarina (SINDECARNE-SC)
Centre for the Brazilian Tanning Industry (CICB)
Brazilian Coalition on Climate, Forests and Agriculture Packaging Coalition
Brazilian Roundtable on Sustainable Livestock (BRSL)
Instituto Ethos
Institute for the National Pact to Eradicate Slave Labour – INPACTO
Trade Association of the Poultry Products
Industry of the State of Paraná (SINDIAVPAR)
São Paulo State Cold Products Industry Association (SINDIFRIO)
Sindicato Nacional da Indústria de Alimentação Animal (SINDERAÇÕES)
Tropical Forest Alliance (TFA)
União Nacional das Indústrias e Empresas de Carne (UNIEC)
Brazilian Roundtable on Sustainable Livestock (BRSL)

United States

Alabama Feed and Grain Association
Alabama Poultry and Egg Association
American Association of Avian Pathologists
American Association of Swine Veterinarians
American College of Poultry Veterinarians
American Fats and Oils Association
American Feed Industry Association
American Leather Chemist Association
American Meat Science Association
American Society of Animal Science
American Veterinarian Medical Association
Asociación de Industriales de Puerto Rico
Association of National Advertisers
Beef Industry Food Safety Council
Colorado Motor Carrier Association
Food Safety Preventative Controls Alliance
Georgia Association of Water Professionals
Georgia Poultry Federation
Georgia Veterinarian Medical Association
Institute of Food Technologists
Kentucky Poultry Federation
Kentucky Rural Water Association
Missouri Pork Producers Association
National Cattlemen’s Beef Association
National Chicken Council
National Oilseed Processor Association
National Pork Board
National Pork Producers Council
National Renderers Association
North American Meat Institute
North Carolina Poultry Federation
Organic Trade Association
Palmetto Agribusiness Council
Pet Food Alliance
Poultry Science Association
Research Chefs Association
South Carolina Poultry Federation
Southern Poultry Science Association
Southwest Meat Association
Tennessee Poultry Association
Texas Broiler Association
Texas Grain and Feed Association
Texas Poultry Improvement Association
Trucking Industry Defense Association
Uniform Intermodal Interchange Agreement
USA Poultry and Egg Export Council

United Kingdom and European Union

Bord Bia
British Frozen Food Federation
British Poultry Council
Campden BRI Food and Drink Initiative
Chilled Food Association
European Federation for Beef and Pork Meat
French Meat Federation
French Meat Interprofessional Federation
French Poultry Federation
Institute of Livestock or INRA (French National Institute of Agricultural Research)
Northern Ireland Food and Drink Association
Northern Ireland Poultry Federation
Northern Ireland Food Chain Certification
Organic Farmers and Growers
Red Tractor

Resources

Fabiana Batista. “JBS Expands Plant-Based Food Products With Vivera Acquisition,” Bloomberg, 19 April 2021. Archived July 16, 2021.
“Corporate Profile,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/owLxI
“JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
“BUTCHERING THE PLANET,” Feedback Global. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/v2PhD
Aurora Solá. “JBS Promises to Stop Destroying the Environment—in 14 Years,” Sentient Media, April 13, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/use4q
“SOY & CATTLE DEFORESTATION TRACKER,” MIGHTY EARTH. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/c6FOq
André Campos et al. “Revealed: new evidence links Brazil meat giant JBS to Amazon deforestation,” The Guardian, July 27, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Mgq7E
“UNEARTHING LESS VISIBLE TRENDS IN LAND INEQUALITY,” International Land Coalition. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iidoN
Ricardo Brito, Tatiana Bautzer. “Brazil’s J&F agrees to pay record $3.2 billion fine in leniency deal,” Reuters, May 31, 2017. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ALowV
Sylvan Lane. “Owners of meatpacker JBS to pay $280M fine over foreign bribery charges,” The Hill, October 20, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/AsjUI
“Commitment to Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2040,” JBS USA, March 23, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/EgHWW
“Annual and Sustainability Report 2019,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iviv0
“What is the Difference Between Scope 1, 2 and 3 Emissions?,”Compare Your Footprint, November 2, 2018. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/bvtk7
“Measure the Chain: Tools for Assessing GHG Emissions in Agricultural Supply Chains,” Engage the Chain. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/SeKuQ
“Emissions impossible,” IATP, July 2018. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/sJTS7
Claire Hamlett. “What Are Meat and Dairy Companies Doing to Reduce Emissions?,” Sentient Media, August 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Xqh5d
Oliver Morrison. “JBS: ‘Our suppliers are producing more while using less land’,” Food Navigator, October 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/oYHfe
Katie Nelson. “JBS extends immunity to forest criminals to feed its supply chain until at least 2035 in surreal ‘global commitment’,” Greenpeace, March 25, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/rcu4f
“Making Mincemeat of the Pantanal,” Greenpeace International, March 3, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/znxS4
“Environment,” JBS USA. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/fPWg9
Tim Searchinger et al. “CREATING A SUSTAINABLE FOOD FUTURE,” World Resource Institute, December 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/awSZe
Damian Carrington. “Beef-eating ‘must fall drastically’ as world population grows,” The Guardian, December 5, 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Ltffu
GRAIN and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP). “Emissions impossible: How big meat and dairy are heating up the planet,” GRAIN, July 18, 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/v0grw
“Brazilian Bribery Allegations Escalate Clash Between Government, Businesses,” Wall Street Journal. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/7uiDK
Kimberly Kindy. “This foreign meat company got U.S. tax money. Now it wants to conquer America,” The Washington Post, November 7, 2019. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/AfB5b
“JBS pagou para conseguir aportes e financiamentos do BNDES, diz delação de Joesley Batista,” Globo, May 20, 2017. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JaAQl
Elaine Azevedo. “Food Lobbies,” Ingesta Magazine, March 28, 2019. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/z3Blm
“Client Profile: JBS SA,” Open Secrets. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/bratB
“Agencies Lobbied By JBS SA, 2020,” Open Secrets. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ofPGh
“JBS SA Profile: Recipients 2020,” Open Secrets. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/hwTg2
“JBS SA Profile: Recipients 2018,” Open Secrets. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/zZ4pa
“Grazing,” Centre for Biological Diversity. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/DAcFu
Alessandro Filazzola, Charlotte Brown, Margarete A. Dettlaff, Amgaa Batbaatar, Jessica Grenke, Tan Bao, Isaac Peetoom Heida and James F. Cahill Jr. “The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: a meta-analysis,” Ecology Letters, 2020. Archived July 13, 2021

1
Fabiana Batista. “JBS Expands Plant-Based Food Products With Vivera Acquisition,” Bloomberg, April 19, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Ohvnj
2
“Corporate Profile,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/owLxI
3
“JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
4
“JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
5
“Corporate Profile,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/owLxI
6
“BUTCHERING THE PLANET,” Feedback Global. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/v2PhD
7
JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
8
Aurora Solá. “JBS Promises to Stop Destroying the Environment—in 14 Years,” Sentient Media, April 13, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/use4q
9
“SOY & CATTLE DEFORESTATION TRACKER,” MIGHTY EARTH. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/c6FOq
10
André Campos et al. “Revealed: new evidence links Brazil meat giant JBS to Amazon deforestation,” The Guardian, July 27, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Mgq7E
11
“UNEARTHING LESS VISIBLE TRENDS IN LAND INEQUALITY,” International Land Coalition. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iidoN
12
Ricardo Brito, Tatiana Bautzer. “Brazil’s J&F agrees to pay record $3.2 billion fine in leniency deal,” Reuters, May 31, 2017. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ALowV
13
Sylvan Lane. “Owners of meatpacker JBS to pay $280M fine over foreign bribery charges,” The Hill, October 20, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/AsjUI
14
“JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
15
“Commitment to Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2040,” JBS USA, March 23, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/EgHWW
16
“Commitment to Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2040,” JBS USA, March 23, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/EgHWW
17
“Annual and Sustainability Report 2019,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iviv0
18
“What is the Difference Between Scope 1, 2 and 3 Emissions?,”Compare Your Footprint, November 2, 2018. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/bvtk7
19
“Measure the Chain: Tools for Assessing GHG Emissions in Agricultural Supply Chains,” Engage the Chain. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/SeKuQ
20
“Annual and Sustainability Report 2019,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iviv0
21
“BUTCHERING THE PLANET,” Feedback Global. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/v2PhD
22
“Emissions impossible,” IATP, July 2018. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/sJTS7
23
Claire Hamlett. “What Are Meat and Dairy Companies Doing to Reduce Emissions?,” Sentient Media, August 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Xqh5d
24
Jonathan Stempel, “New York sues meatpacking giant JBS over climate claims,” Reuters, February 28, 2024. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/CGEy5. Archive .pdf on file at DeSmog.
25
Oliver Morrison. “JBS: ‘Our suppliers are producing more while using less land’,” Food Navigator, October 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/oYHfe
26
Aurora Solá. “JBS Promises to Stop Destroying the Environment—in 14 Years,” Sentient Media, April 13, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/use4q
27
Katie Nelson. “JBS extends immunity to forest criminals to feed its supply chain until at least 2035 in surreal ‘global commitment’,” Greenpeace, March 25, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/rcu4f
28
“SOY & CATTLE DEFORESTATION TRACKER,” MIGHTY EARTH. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/c6FOq
29
“Making Mincemeat of the Pantanal,” Greenpeace International, March 3, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/znxS4
30
“UNEARTHING LESS VISIBLE TRENDS IN LAND INEQUALITY,” International Land Coalition. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iidoN
31
“JBS 2020 Management Report and Financial Statements,” SEC Report, March 24, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/BbbtF
32
“Grazing,” Centre for Biological Diversity. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/DAcFu
33
Alessandro Filazzola, Charlotte Brown, Margarete A. Dettlaff, Amgaa Batbaatar, Jessica Grenke, Tan Bao, Isaac Peetoom Heida and James F. Cahill Jr. “The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: a meta-analysis,” Ecology Letters, 2020. Archived July 13, 2021
34
“Environment,” JBS USA. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/fPWg9
35
Oliver Morrison. “JBS: ‘Our suppliers are producing more while using less land’,” Food Navigator, October 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/oYHfe
36
Tim Searchinger et al. “CREATING A SUSTAINABLE FOOD FUTURE,” World Resource Institute, December 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/awSZe
37
Damian Carrington. “Beef-eating ‘must fall drastically’ as world population grows,” The Guardian, December 5, 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/Ltffu
38
“Commitment to Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2040,” JBS USA, March 23, 2021. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/EgHWW
39
“Annual and Sustainability Report 2019,” JBS. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iviv0
40
Oliver Morrison. “JBS: ‘Our suppliers are producing more while using less land’,” Food Navigator, October 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/oYHfe
41
GRAIN and the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP). “Emissions impossible: How big meat and dairy are heating up the planet,” GRAIN, July 18, 2018. Archived July 14, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/v0grw
42
Oliver Morrison. “JBS: ‘Our suppliers are producing more while using less land’,” Food Navigator, October 19, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/oYHfe
43
“UNEARTHING LESS VISIBLE TRENDS IN LAND INEQUALITY,” International Land Coalition. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iidoN
44
“UNEARTHING LESS VISIBLE TRENDS IN LAND INEQUALITY,” International Land Coalition. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/iidoN
45
“Brazilian Bribery Allegations Escalate Clash Between Government, Businesses,” Wall Street Journal. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/7uiDK
46
Kimberly Kindy. “This foreign meat company got U.S. tax money. Now it wants to conquer America,” The Washington Post, November 7, 2019. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/AfB5b
47
“JBS pagou para conseguir aportes e financiamentos do BNDES, diz delação de Joesley Batista,” Globo, May 20, 2017. Archived July 17, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/JaAQl
48
Ricardo Brito, Tatiana Bautzer. “Brazil’s J&F agrees to pay record $3.2 billion fine in leniency deal,” Reuters, May 31, 2017. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/ALowV
49
Sylvan Lane. “Owners of meatpacker JBS to pay $280M fine over foreign bribery charges,” The Hill, October 20, 2020. Archived July 16, 2021. Archive URL: https://archive.ph/AsjUI
50
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DeSmog

DeSmog

Background